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ANALOGY AND MOTIVATION
There are small hairs in our ears called as cilia, each of which
undergo vibration at different and specific frequencies
When a sound wave enters our ears, only those cilia of our ears
will vibrate, which are receptive to that particular frequency
https://www.math.hmc.edu/funfacts/ffiles/20003.3.shtml
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MATHEMATICS OF FOURIER TRANSFORM
1
jt
X ( ) x(t )e dt x(t ) X ( ) e jt d
2
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LAPLACE TRANSFORM
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WHY DO WE NEED LAPLACE
TRANSFORM WHEN WE HAVE FOURIER
• Fourier Transform exist only for a limited class of absolutely
integrable functions. It cannot be used for growing exponentials
like eat when a 0 Review Example 1 in slide 5. Thus Laplace
transform is needed.
• Fourier transform can analyze only stable signals but this is not the
case for Laplace transform which can analyze unstable signals also.
• Fourier Transform gets large application base in subjects like
communication where as Laplace transform gets a large application
base in subjects like control systems.
• In Laplace transform, ‘s’ is a complex number s j . But Fourier
Transform can be thought of as Laplace transform evaluated on
imaginary j axis, neglecting the real part of complex frequency s.
• Easier to solve system ODE via Laplace than Fourier.
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MATHEMATICS OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM
j
1
x(t )e st dt ; x(t ) L1 X ( s)
2 j j
Bilateral : X ( s) X ( s)e st ds
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WHAT IS THE CONNECTION?
• Not valid for all f(t). Can use it only if ROC of F(s) includes the
imaginary axis.
1
• For a unit step function, L.T. is s . But F.T. is
1
( ) . Point no. 1
j
is not valid here. This is because ROC of unit step function is
Re(s)>0, which does not include imaginary axis.
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SOLUTION OF INTEGRO DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS :APPLICATIONS
Laplace Transform is widely popular in control system theory as it
can solve linear differential system equations.
Consider an example
Example 6 : Find the loop current in the figure
if all initial conditions are 0 ?
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Z (s) s 3
s
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V (s) 10 10 10 10
I (s) 2 s 2
Z (s) s 3s 2 s 3s 2 s 1 s 2 s 1 s 2
s
i(t ) 10 et e2t u (t )
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SUMMARY
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