CHAPTER 3

CONCEPTS OF ACIDS-
BASES
NEUTRALIZATION
(STRONG ACID AND
STRONG BASE)
CHM 138
Basic CHEMISTRY
 LESSON OUTCOMES
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
Distinguish acid and base according to Arrhenius, Bronsted-
Lowry and Lewis definition.
Identify type of acid and base: strong/weak,
monoprotic/monobasic, polyprotic/polybasic.
Define and identify electrolytes and non-electrolytes, weak
and strong electrolytes.
Prepare standard and molar solutions.
Define and determine molarity.
Relate molarity with volume and mass of substance (n=MV).
Determine pH and pOH base on acid-base molarity.
Perform calculation involving standard solution and dilution
process.
 ACID BASE THEORY

ARRHENIUS


 BRONSTED-LOWRY
 LEWIS

3
 ARRHENIUS

Acid : a substance that, when dissolved in water, produce H+

ions.

Base : a substance that, when dissolved in water, increases

the concentration of OH- ions.
 BRONSTED-LOWRY

Acid : a substance that can donate a proton to a base

(proton donor)
Base : a substance that can accept a proton from an acid
(proton acceptor)
In acid-base reaction, a proton is transferred from an acid to
a base
HCl (aq) +H2O (l) → H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)

 HCl is a acid because it donates proton to H2O

 H2O is a base because it accepts proton from HCl
BRONSTED-LOWRY
 BRONSTED-LOWRY

Examples:
HCl (aq) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
acid base conjugate acid conjugate base

 HCI is an acid while Cl- is a conjugate base of HCl

 H2O is a base and H3O+ is its conjugate acid
 conjugate conjugate
base acid
acid base
Example:
Write the formula of conjugate base for the following
compound or ion.
a)HBr
b)NH4+

Solution:
a) HBr is a Brønsted acid (proton donor)
HBr H+ + Br -

Conjugate base

b) NH4+ is a Brønsted acid (proton donor)

NH4+ H+ + NH3

Conjugate base
Example:
Write the formula of conjugate acid for the following ion.
a)CH3COO-
b)CIO2-

Solution:
a) CH3COO- is a Brønsted base (proton acceptor)
CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH

Conjugate acid

b) ClO2- is a Brønsted base (proton acceptor)

ClO2- + H+ HCIO2
Conjugate acid
Exercise…..
Label the acid, base, conjugate acid, and conjugate base in
each reaction:

HCl
HCl + OH    Cl ++ H
+ OH --
   Cl --
H22O
O

H O + H SO    HSO --
+ H O
H22 O + H22 SO44    HSO44 + H33 O ++
 LEWIS

 Lewis acid - a substance that accepts an electron pair

 Lewis base - a substance that donates an electron pair
Example : Formation of hydronium ion

••
••O—H ••
+ H O—H
H
H
H
ACID BASE
Strong acid = acid that completely ionized in
water

Example of strong acid;

HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4

Strong base = base that completely ionized

in water

Example of strong base;

LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2,
Ba(OH)2
 PROPERTIES OF
ACIDS AND BASES
ACIDS BASES
• Have sour taste • Have a bitter taste
• Acid solution can conduct • Base solution can conduct
electricity electricity

• Change the colour litmus paper • Change the colour litmus paper
(blue to red) (red to blue)

• React with base forming salts • React with acid forming salts
and water and water

• React with certain metals to • Heat with ammonium salt to

produce hydrogen gas produce NH3 gas

• React with carbonates and

bicarbonates to produce CO2 gas
 TYPE OF ACIDS AND BASES
ACIDS BASES
• Monoprotic acid : HCl,HNO3, • Monobase : NaOH, KOH

• Diprotic acid : H2SO4, (COOH)2 • Dibase : Ba(OH)2

• Triprotic acid :boric acid H3BO3, -

phosphoric(V) H3PO4

• Strong acids: • Strong bases:

- Acids that completely ionized in - Bases that completely ionized in
solution. solution.
- Eg: HCl (aq) → H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) - Eg: NaOH (s) → Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

• Weak acids • Weak bases

- Acids that incompletely ionized in - bases that incompletely ionized in
solution solution
- Example : - Example:
CH3COOH (aq) CH3COO- (aq)
NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) NH4+ (aq)
+ H+ (aq)
+ OH- (aq)
 ACID BASE NEUTRALISATION

 Acids and bases neutralise one another forming salt and water.

Acid + base salt + water

 Salt – made up of a cation other than H+ and an anion other

than OH- or O2-

 E.g:
HNO3 (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaNO3 (aq) + H20 (l)
 ELECTROLYTE
 Any substance containing free ions that make the substance
electrically conductive.
 STRONG ELECTROLYTE
• Completely ionised in aqueous solution
• Conducts a strong electric current
 Good conductor
 WEAK ELECTROLYTE
• Only slightly ionised in aqueous solution
• Conducts a weak electric current
 Weak conductor
 NON ELECTROLYTE
• Does not ionise in aqueous solution
• Remains as molecules
• Does not conduct an electric current
 Non conductor
ACIDS AND BASES STRENGTH
 pH

A way to express acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution.

 pH

 The pH of a solution is given by the negative logarithm of

the hydrogen ion concentration, [H+] (in mol/dm3 or M)

pH = - log [H+]
 pH for acidic solutions < 7,
 pH for basic solutions > 7
 pH for neutral solutions = 7

pOH = - log [OH-]

pH + pOH = 14.00
 -1
4 [OH-]
10
x -]
. 0 H

10
1 [O -1
4

-p
10

-L

OH
og
x+]
0
1. [H

[O
H
-
]
[H+] pOH
H
pO
10

-
-p

14
H
-L

H
og

- p
[H

14
]+

pH
 CALCULATING THE pH

pH = - log [H+]
(Remember that the [ ] mean Molarity)

Example: If [H+] = 1 X 10-10

pH = - (log 1 X 10-10)
pH = - (- 10)
pH = 10

Example: If [H+] = 1.8 X 10-5

pH = - log (1.8 X 10-5)
pH = - (- 4.74)
pH = 4.74
 EXERCISES
Find the pH of these:
a) a 0.15 M solution of Hydrochloric acid
b) a 3.00 X 10-7 M solution of Nitric acid

Solution:
pH = - log [H+]
a) pH = - log (0.15)
= - (-0.82)
= 0.82

b) pH = - log (3.00 X 10-7)

= - (-6.52)
= 6.52
A solution has a pH of 8.5. What is the
Molarity of hydrogen ions in the solution?

Solution:

pH = - log [H+]

[H+] = antilog (-8.5)

= 3.1623 x 10-9 M
The pH of rainwater collected in a certain region
of the northeastern United States on a particular
day was 4.82. What is the H+ ion concentration of
the rainwater?

Solution:
pH = - log [H+]
[H+] = antilog (-4.82)
= 1.5136 x 10-5 M
The OH- ion concentration of a blood sample is 2.5
x 10-7 M. What is the pH of the blood?

Solution:

pOH = - log [OH-]

[pOH] = -log (2.5 x 10-7)
= 6.60
pH + pOH = 14.00

pH = 14.00 – 6.60
= 7.4
 ACID-BASE PROPERTIES
OF WATER

 Unique solvent.
 Can act either as a acid or as a base.
 Water is a very weak electrolyte and undergo ionization
to a small extent:

H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

autoionization of water
 THE ION PRODUCT OF WATER
H2O (l) H+ (aq) + OH- (aq)

[H+][OH-] [H2O] = constant

Kc =
[H2O] Kc = equilibrium constant

Kc[H2O] = Kw = [H+][OH-]

The ion-product constant (Kw) is the product of the molar

concentrations of H+ and OH- ions at a particular
temperature.
Solution
At 250C [H+] = [OH-] neutral
Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14 [H+] > [OH-] acidic
[H+] < [OH-] basic
What is the concentration of OH- ions in a HCl
solution whose hydrogen ion concentration is 1.3 M?

Kw = [H+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14

[H+] = 1.3 M

K w 1 x 10 -14
[OH-] = = = 7.7 x 10-15
M
[H ]
+
1.3
 ACID-BASE TITRATIONS

 Acid-base titration is a procedure used in quantitative

analysis to determine the molarity of acid or base.

 Point at which the acid-base indicator changed colour is

the end-point.

 Equivalence point is the point where the acid and base is

equimolar (same molarity). At this point, all acid has been
neutralized by base and contain only salt and water.

 Strong acid-strong base titrations (end-point pH 7)

SETUP FOR TITRATING
AN ACID WITH A BASE
STRONG ACID-STRONG
BASE TITRATION

base

acid
STRONG ACID-STRONG
BASE TITRATION

bas
acid
e

acid
base
 Beginwith a balanced equation for the reaction:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

na = 1 (mole ratios of acid)

nb = 1 (mole ratios of base)

Mole = Molarity X volume

For the acid: na = MaVa
For the base: nb = MbVb
na : nb (stoichiometry mole ratio)
MaVa : MbVb
Ma Va / Mb Vb = na / nb
 EXAMPLES

1) What is the concentration in molarity of HCl if 30.0 mL

of 0.10 M NaOH neutralizes 50.0mL HCl?

NaOH + HCl  H2O + NaCl

MaVa a
MbVb = b

Ma(50 mL) = 1
(0.10 M)(30 mL) 1

Ma = (0.10 M)(30 mL)

(50 mL)
= 0.06 M
2) A 10.0 mL sample of 0.555 M H2SO4 is titrated with 0.233 M
NaOH. Calculate volume of NaOH required for the titration?

H2SO4 + 2NaOH  Na2SO4 + 2H2O

MaVa a
M b Vb = b

(0.555 M)(10 mL) = 1

(0.233 M)(Vb) 2

Vb = 2(0.555 M)(10 mL)

(0.233 M)
= 47.64 mL
 INDICATORS
 Weak organic acid/base of distinctly different colours in its
ionised and unionised forms.
 Used to indicate the equivalence point in an acid-base
titration by a change in colour.
 MOLARITY
 The number of moles of solute per liter of solution

NO OF MOLE OF SOLUTE (mol)

MOLARITY, M =
VOLUME OF SOLUTION (L)

40
 DILUTION OF SOLUTIONS
 Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less
concentrated solution from a more concentrated
solution.

Dilution
Add Solvent

M1V1 = M2V2
 EXAMPLE:

1) How would you prepare 60.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO3 from a

stock solution of 4.00 M HNO3?

M1V1 = M2V2

M1 = 4.00 M M2 = 0.200 M V2= 0.0600 L V1 = ? L

M2V2 0.200 M x 0.0600 L

V1 = = = 0.00300 L = 3.00 mL
M1 4.00 M

Dilute 3.00 mL of acid with water to a total volume of 60.0

mL.
Be sure that M1 > M2 and V2 > V1
 EXERCISES

1. Describe how u would prepare 2.50 x 102 mL of

a 2.25 M H2SO4 solution starting with a 7.41 M
stock solution of H2SO4.

2. How would you prepare 2.00 x 102 mL of a

0.866 M KOH solution starting with a 5.07 M
stock solution?
 pH PROFILE OF THE TITRATION
(TITRATION CURVE)
Strong Acid-Strong Base Titrations
• NaOH is titrated against HCl.
NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) H2O (l) + NaCl (aq)
OH- (aq) + H+ (aq) H2O (l)

NaOH

HCl
(pH = 1.00)
• Before addition of NaOH
- pH = 1.00

• When the NaOH added:

- pH increase slowly at first

• Near the equivalence point or end point

(the point which equimolar amounts of
acid and base have reacted):
- the curve rises almost vertically

• Beyond the equivalence point:

- pH increases slowly
Titration curve of the acid-base titration between
NaOH and HCl
a) Titration from base to acid

Base (in burette)

- Unknown volume or
unknown concentration

Acid (in conical flask)

Example:
In an acid-base titration, a solution of 0.32 M KOH is
titrated against 24 mL of 0.22 M of HCl.
i) Write a balance equation for the above acid-base
reaction.

ii) Calculate the initial pH before addition of KOH.

iii) Determine the volume of 0.32 M KOH required to

neutralise the HCl solution.

iv) Sketch a labelled titration curve to show the change in

pH during the titration. Indicate on the graph the
followings: the title of axes, the pH at end point, the
initial pH and the volume of KOH solution required to
reach the equivalence point.
0.32 M KOH
(unknown volume)

24 mL of 0.22 M of
HCl
Answer:
i) Write a balance equation for the above acid-base reaction.
KOH + HCl → KCl + H2O

ii) Calculate the initial pH before addition of KOH.

* pH of HCl (in conical flask)
HCl → H+ + Cl-
Initial (M): 0.22 0 0
Final (M): 0 0.22 0.22

pH = -log [H+]
= - log (0.22)
= 0.66
iii) Determine the volume of 0.32M KOH required to
neutralise the HCl solution.

MaVa = a Vb = ?
M bVb b

(0.22 M) (24 mL) = 1

(0.32 M ) Vb 1

Vb = 16.5 mL
iv) Sketch a labelled titration curve to show the change in pH during
the titration. Indicate on the graph the followings: the title of axes,
the pH at end point, the initial pH and the volume of KOH
solution required to reach the equivalence point.
pH

12.00

7.00 end point

0.66

16.5 Volume of KOH (mL)

b) Titration from acid to base

Acid (in burette)

- Unknown volume or
unknown concentration

Base (in conical flask)

Example:
In an experiment 50 mL 0.15 M aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide, NaOH was titrated with 0.25 M
aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, H 2SO4. The acid base
titration was shown as below:
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
i) Calculate the pH of NaOH before H 2SO4 was added.

ii) Calculate the volume of H 2SO4 solution required to

reach equivalent point.

iii) Sketch the general shape of the titration curve. Label

the pH at the starting of the titration, pH at the
equivalence point and the volume of H2SO4 at the
equivalence point.
0.25 M H2SO4
(unknown volume)

50 mL 0.15 M NaOH
Answer:
i) Calculate the pH of NaOH before H 2SO4 was added.

NaOH → Na+ + OH-

Initial (M): 0.15 0 0
Final (M): 0 0.15 0.15

pOH = - log [OH-]

= - log (0.15)
= 0.82

pH + pOH = 14
pH = 14 – 0.82
pH = 13.18
ii)Calculate the volume of H2SO4 solution required to
reach equivalent point.

MaVa = a Va = ?
MbVb b

(0.25 M)Va = 1
(0.15 M ) (50 mL) 2

Va = 15 mL
iii) Sketch the general shape of the titration curve. Label the
pH at the starting of the titration, pH at the equivalence point
and the volume of H2SO4 at the equivalence point.

Volume of
H2SO4 (mL)