Advance Signal

Processing
ESE 752
Dr. Idnin Pasya bin Ibrahim
Sampling theorem
and quantization
Course outline
 Course outcomes
 (CO1)Describe the concept of advance digital signal
processing
-> PO1
 (CO2)Apply DSP Techniques in Communication and Related
Areas
-> PO3
 (CO3)Design and evaluate selected problems in
communications system
-> PO5
Characteristics of Fourier
Transform (cont)
• Parserval’s Theorem
 
1
 x(t ) dt  2  x( ) d
2 2



The square of a signal x(t) is the power, or energy that the signal
is carrying at a certain time t. -> important for SNR calculation
Analog to Digital
• Sampling model:
A signal can be express as the summation of all element wise
multiplication of magnitude and delta function
N
x(t )   x(t n ) (t  t n )
n 0

• The question comes in terms of how fast you must sample a

signal -> sampling theory
Sampling theory
• Sampling frequency:
 
X s ( )   xs (t )e  j t
dt   x(t ) s (t )e  jt dt
 

• Since sampling is done at intervals of t,


 s (t )    (t  nt )

• Implementing Fourier transform convolution rule:

X s ( )  X ( )  F  s (t )
• Using delta function in the frequency domain as

   
 s ( )  F  s (t )  F    (t  nt )   s   (  k s )
n    

2
where   2f s 
t

• Xs()
1 
X s ( )  X ( )   s ( ) 
2 
X (   ' ) s ( ' )d '

 
1

2 
X (   ' )s   ( 'k )d '
n  
s

1   1 
 
t k    X (   ' ) ( 'ks )  t k
 
X (  ks )
1 

In frequency domain, the
X (  ks ) signal do not consists of
t k   frequencies more than fmax

The relationship between

fmax and sampling frequency
fs is:
f2
f max 
2

fmax is also called the Nyquist

frequency fN
Example
• Q1
Consider a signal comprises of not more than 50 kHz of
frequency component.
a. To avoid aliasing and loss of information when sampling the
signal, determine the lowest sampling frequency fs required.
b. If the signal is present for 1 ms of duration, determine the
required number of samples to express the signal in a discrete
time domain signal.
Example (answer)
a. The highest frequency component in the signal, fmax = 50 kHz,
• Hence, based on Nyquist theory, the lowest fs must be more
than 2 fmax = 100 kHz.

b. 100 kHz x 1 ms = 100 number of samples

Signal quantization and
quantization noise
• Quantization of signal = analog to digital conversion

Signal amplitude = a
Quantization width = 

• Required number of bit for quantization

 2a 
n  log 2 
 