Protocols

 Protocol is a convention or standard that

controls or enables the connection,
communication, and data transfer
between two computing endpoints.
 Protocol can be defined as the rules
governing the syntax, semantics, and
synchronization of communication.
Protocols may be implemented by
hardware, software, or a combination of
the two.
 At the lowest level, a protocol defines the
behavior of a hardware
connection.ddefinition of Protocols
 RS – 232
 RS 232C stands for: RS for
Recommended Standard and C for
Third Version
 RS 232C is a standard interface
approved by the Electronic Industries
Alliance (EIA) for connecting serial
devices.
 Features of RS-232 standard
 Point-to-point communication
 Suitable for serial, binary and digital data
communication
 Communication is generally asynchronous;
meaning that there is fixed timing between data
bits, but variable time between character frames
 Full duplex communications
 Unbalanced transmission and, therefore,
susceptible to noise
 This type of interfacing is reliable up to a distance
of about 16m (50ft)
 Capable of a speed of data rates of up to about
20 kbps according to the standard (but 115
kBaud in practice).
Application of RS-232
 RS-422
 RS 422 (EIA RS 422-A Standard) is the
serial connection
 RS 422 uses a differential electrical
signal, as opposed to the unbalanced
signals referenced to ground with RS 232.
 Differential transmission, which uses two
lines each for transmit and receive signals,
results in greater noise immunity and
longer distances as compared to RS 232.
The greater noise immunity and longer
distances are big advantages in industrial
environments. Page 158
Application of RS-422
 RS-485
 The RS 485 standard is the most versatile of the EIA
interface standards
 RS 485 permits a ‘multidrop’ network connection on two
wires and allows reliable serial data communication for
 (i) distances of up to 1200m
 (ii) data rates of up to 10 Mbps
 (iii) up to 32 line drivers on the same line and
 (iv) up to 32 line receivers on the same line.

 Up to 32 transmitters can be connected on the same line,

although only one can be active at any one time.
 Each terminal in a multidrop system must be allocated a
unique address to avoid conflicting with other devices on
the system.
 Application of RS-485
 useful for systems where several instruments or
controllers are connected on the same line.
 computer, controls which transmitter/receiver
will be active at any one time.
 The two-wire data transmission line does not
normally require special termination.
 On long lines, the leading and trailing edges of
data pulses will be much sharper if terminating
resistors approximately equal to the
characteristic impendence (Zo) of the line are
fitted at the extreme ends. For twisted pairs the
characteristic impedance is typically between 100
to 120 ohms.
 Converters
 What are converters
Layers of Network
 APPLICATION LAYER

PROVIDES ACCESS TO OSI ENVIROMENT FOR USERS

PROVIDES DISTRIBUTED INFORMATION SERVIES

PRESENTATION LAYER
PROVIDES INDEPENDENCE TO APPLICATION PROCESSES
FROM DIFFERENCES IN DATA REPESENTATION (SYNTAX)

SESSION LAYER
PROVIDES THE CONTROL STRUCTURE FOR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN
APPLICATIONS ESTABLISHES MANAGES AND TERMINATES CONNECTIONS
SESSIONS BETWEEN COOPERATING APPLICATIONS

Transport Layer
PROVIDES RELIALE TRANSMISSION TRANSFER OF DATA
Between end points
End –to-end error recoveryand flow control
Network Layers
provides upper layers with independence from the data transmission
& switching technologies used to connect systems responsible for establishing maintaining terminatin connections
Data LINK LAYER
Provide for the reliable transfer of information across the phsycial link
Sends (frames) with the necessary synchronization error control and
Flow control
Physical Layer
 What are Nodes
 Node. This term is applied to any one
of the positions or stations in a
network. Each node incorporates a
device that can communicate with all
other devices on the network.
 Half Duplex Mode

 Half duplex communication occurs

when data flows in both direction but
in only one direction at a time
 Half duplex communication is
provided by the RS-485 physical
standard where only one station can
transmit at a time.
 Full Duplex Mode

 In a full duplex system, the data can

flow in both directions
simultaneously
 In duplex transmission, a copy of any
byte received is sent back to the
sender to verify that it was sent and
received correctly.
 Application of industrial
networking
 In control automation process, signal communication and
networking play the most vital role
 Need For Networking
 Many PLC vendors offer proprietary
networking systems that are unique and
will not communicate with another make
of PLC.
 Because of the different communications
protocols, command sequences, error-
checking schemes, and communications
media used by each manufacturer
 Advantages of Networking
 The networks can provide reliable and cost-
effective communications between as few as two
or as many as several hundred PLCs, computers,
and other intelligent devices.
 Enhance reliability by decentralizing the control
functions without sacrificing coordinated control.
 Numerous PLCs can be connected to one another
in a daisy-chain fashion
 significantly reduces programming and
debugging complexity
 PLC accept input information from an operator
input terminal
 Types of Networking
 Network topologies are categorized
into the following basic types:
 bus
 ring
 star
 tree
 Bus Topology

 Bus networks use a common backbone to connect all

devices. A single cable, the backbone functions as a shared
communication medium that devices attach or tap into with
an interface connector.
 Ring Topology
In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors
for communication purposes. All messages travel through a
ring in the same direction (either "clockwise" or
"counterclockwise"). A failure in any cable or device breaks
the loop and can take down the entire network
 Star Topology
 Many home networks use the star topology. A
star network features a central connection point
called a "hub" that may be a hub, switch or
router. Devices typically connect to the hub with
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
 Tree Topology

 Tree topologies integrate multiple star topologies together onto a

bus. In its simplest form, only hub devices connect directly to the
tree bus, and each hub functions as the "root" of a tree of
devices.
 Networking of PLC

 PLC networks provide a variety of

networking options to meet specific
control and communications
requirements.
 Typical options include remote I/O,
peer-to-peer, and host computer
communications, as well as LANs.