CATT Seminar on Networks Research

Polytechnic University
March 27, 1999
Next Generation Networks

Richard D. Gitlin

Chief Technical Officer

and
Data Networking Technology Vice President

Data Networking Systems

Lucent Technologies

rich@lucent.com
Next Generation Networks

• Introduction
– The Network Revolution
– Technology Trends
– Applications and Requirements
• Issues and Solutions
– Quality of Service
– Security
– Network Management
– High Reliability
– Intelligent Networking
• Example: Voice on the Next Generation Network
• Summary
 This R/Evolution Is Fueled By Unparalleled Customer Demand
(and by telecom deregulation and the Internet)

Worldwide Access Lines Global Internet Changing Traffic Patterns

Cable Users
3B Wireless 250M
Wireline Internet Session
20 - 30 minutes

2B 134M Voice Call

3 minutes

1B 30M
Average Hold Times
1898 1918 1938 1958 1978 1998 2018 1994 1998 2001

 It took about a century to install the world’s first 700 million phone lines; an additional 700
million lines will be deployed over the next 15-20 years
 There are more than 200 million wireless subscribers in the world today; an additional 700
million more will be added over the next 15-20 years
 There are more than 200 million Cable TV subscribers in the world today; an additional 300
million more will be added over the next 15-20 years
 More than 100 million additional Internet users will come on-line by 2001 ---the Net is
experiencing a 1000% per year growth! If this trend continues, by 2004 99% of the world’s
bandwidth will be Net traffic ---including computer-to-computer communications.
Next Generation Networks (The New Public Network):
Current situation
• No longer any debate that wide-area networks based on packet technology will
emerge as a compelling alternative to the PSTN
• The new public network will be optimized for IP-based applications and will
become the platform for future voice and data service innovations---it will not be
based on merging existing legacy voice and data [frame relay, SMDS, IP, …]
networks
• Carriers expect that the simpler new network will also reduce costs of
operations, equipment and staff and will capitalize on the faster pace of
networking element development
• Migration strategies, quality of service (QoS), network management, security,
rapid service creation, and reliability are the major concerns of the carrier --as
well as the almost $1 Trillion invested in the PSTN
• Almost 80% of the service providers intend to build their multiservice network
with an ATM core and about 20% based on IP
• Some principles for the new network
– Give customers access choices (DSL, cable, wireless, ISDN, …)
– Work hard to optimize IP switching (DiffServ, MPLS, RSVP, ….)
– Separate service intelligence from the network transport ---open interface
between intelligent call control features and packet gear
– Build IP-based billing and management
A Networking Paradigm Shift Occurring
Separate
(IP Becomes Dominant WAN and LAN Protocol)
Circuit Switched
Network
Separate Data Networks
(Frame Relay, X.25, ATM,Router)
Single Network Supporting
Voice & IP Endpoints
•Next-generation data networking
–Excellent performance with IP
–QoS breakthroughs: wire speed and per flow control
–“Route once, switch often”  Route at wire speed
–Distance transparency and distributed “computing”
–Policy driven network management
–Directory Enabled
–Broadband access
–Wireless and optical networking
–Silicon and software
•Data on voice (circuits)  Voice on data (circuits)
•“80/20” Enterprise/WAN data traffic split  “20/80”
•Networks  Network of networks
“Convergence” Driving Change & QoS
PSTN IP DBs PSTN
DB DB

More than moving voice over the Internet SS7 SS7

• Converged, multi-service networks
– reduce costs LEC IP IP LEC
Media Gateways,“IP” Network
– provide integrated services
Controllers
• Voice over cell/packet solutions -- VoATM and VoIP
• Virtual Private Networks -- VPNs
• Quality of Service -- QoS
• Accommodate multiple protocols (e.g., IP, ATM, frame relay)
• Provide at least today’s voice services (e.g., 3-way connections, hold,
add, forward, toll free, 911)
• Interoperate with one another, the Internet and the Public Switched
Telephone Network

The real challenge is to build converged networks that are as

reliable, robust and scalable as voice networks
Convergence of Communications Paradigms Leads
to New Services and Requires New Technologies
•Voice over IP
•Virtual Private Networks
•E-Commerce
Data Communications
 Connectionless
 Loosely Coupled Applications
 Loose Controls,Distributed
 SW Fault Tolerance
 Features During ‘Session’ Common Infrastructure
 Little Attention To QoS
 High Latency
•QoS: DiffServ, MPLS, QoS-
aware Switches
•Multi-Protocol Support: ATM
(CBR,VBR,UBR, ABR), IP,
IP Over FR/ATM
•Multicasting
•Video & audio streaming,
conferencing…multi-media
•Mobile Access
Telecommunications
 Connections
 Tightly Coupled
 Centralized Controls
 HW Fault Tolerance
 Features At Call Set-Up
 Obsession With QoS
 Low Latency
•Manageability & Intelligent
Networking:Policy Driven Nets
•Security
•High Reliability
•Scalability
The Pace of Technology

Technology Trend

 Silicon Chips X2 in density/speed every 18-24 months

 Optics X2 in transmission capacity every year

 Data/Web X2 Internet subscribers every 2-3 years

X2 Internet hosts/servers every year

 Wireless X1000 in capacity in 5 years

 Power X2 MIPs/MW every 2 years (DSPs)

 Compression X2 in information density every 5 years

Disruptive Technologies and their Impact
on Networking
• Access: – Mbps (home) and Gbps (office) will substantially increase data
traffic via xDSL, cable modems, wireless, and optics xDSL

Fiber

Fiber
• Semiconductors: Atomic-scale transistors will mean Fixed Wireless

- 64 Gb DRAM, 10 GHz processor clocks and giga-instructions/sec (GIPs)

- Heterogeneous and multi-protocol functions on a chip reduce power/cost
- wire speed processing in data networks Enterprise 1
IP

• Optical networking: WDM-fueled bandwidth explosion will IP Access

- trade bandwidth for network complexity WAN RF Access Cellular

ATM Access

- lower risk with new networking solutions (e.g., IP  WDM)

Integrated
Services
Node

•
Enterprise 2
Communications Software: Will spawn ATM

- High performance databases/directories supporting advanced network

features (e.g., policy servers)
- Speech recognition, media conversion (e.g., text-to-speech), and network agents
to realize value-added intelligent networks
Impact of Transmission Speeds on
Networking
• Available WAN bandwidth has been less than LAN bandwidth --- this situation is expected to
change at the millennium (WANs no longer a bottleneck for leading edge customers)
– Fiber optic transmission speeds have increased by 50% per year since 1980 (x100 in 10
years)
– LAN bandwidth has increased at 25% per year and WAN bandwidth has remained
expensive (shared)
– “Available” curve purchased by leading-edge users (e.g., OC-3c); about 1% of WAN BW

LAN

Single Channel Fiber

10 5 Multi-Channel (WDM)

Available

104
Mbps

Gigabit Ethernet
103
Fast Ethernet
10 2 OC-3c

T3
10 Ethernet
T1

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Impact of Speeds of Fiber Transmission
and Microprocessors on Networking
• Speed gains for microprocessors have kept pace with fiber transmission speeds
• The number of instructions available to process an optically transported packet,
using the “hottest” micro has remained constant

Microprocessor speed (Mhz)

Single Channel Fiber

105 Multi-Channel (WDM)
Mbps or Mhz

104

Merced
103
Pentium III
Pentium II
102 PowerPC

10 486

386
286

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Impact of DRAM Memory Size and
Transmission Speeds on Networking
• With increasing transmission speeds, more packets are “in flight” for a given round trip
propagation time; common error recovery protocols require that one round trip worth of data be
stored
• e.g., NY-LA-NY round trip propagation time of 50 ms results in 1 MB for a 155 Mbps link
• Size of DRAM increasing 58% per year
– Effective BW of memory is increasing at about 40%
• Storage capacity and transmission speeds are increasing at the same rate, thus number of chips to
hold one “window” of data has remained constant

DRAM Size
Single Channel Fiber
Multi-Channel (WDM)
106
Mbps or kB

256 MB

105 64 MB
16 MB
10 4
4 MB

103

102
10

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Much More Traffic (leads to much more
traffic --- Metcalfe’s Law)

US Businesses WAN Peak Capacity Will Need to Increase at Least 10X in Three Years
5.0
4.0
3.0
Tb/sec
2.0
1.0
0.0
1997 1998 1999 2000
Source: Estimated from projections of data

56 Billion
port shipments (Dataquest, 12//97)

f
owth o
3.5 Billion
3 Ye a
i
r
l
G
M
r
e s sages Year 2000
Ema
1997
Source: email projections: [Yankee Group]

Metcalfe’s Law: the value of a network grows exponentially with the number of users
and connected sources and a “network of networks” becomes the organizing
principle for most communications
Major Requirements for Next
Generation Network Applications
QoS High Network Security Intelligent
Reliability Management Networking
VoIP     
Applications will require:
E-      •QoS and security for
Commerce successful convergence
Multi-    •Virtual Private Networks
Media
for converged networks
Multi-   
casting
and QoS
•Network management
Mobile  
Access directories, policies and
intelligent agents for
Value     
Added decision support,
Services configuration and QoS
VPN     
The Leading Protocols for Transporting
Information on Next Generation Networks
Are ATM and IP

ATM IP

Speed  High to Very High  Low to Very High

Connection  Connection-Oriented  Connectionless-Oriented

 Subset of traffic will be connection-oriented (e.g.,
Type MPLS Explicit Route)
QoS  Yes (4-5 Services)  Emerging (e.g., DiffServ, IntServ)

Predominant  Core Networks  To desk top

Deployment  Access Networks (Multi-service)  Internet, Corporate LANs
 Corporate networks emerging
Transmission  High for voice/video  Low for voice/video
Efficiency  Low for data*  High for data

Transmission  *Short, fixed-length packets (cells)  Variable-length packets

Unit
Data  Originally designed for real-time  Originally designed for TCP, FTP, … less time
voice critical applications
Applications  Evolving to all applications (e.g.,  Evolving to all applications (eg, multimedia)
multimedia)
Cost Economies of scale favor IP

*Related Items
Issues to Be Solved for Next Generation
Networks: QoS
Issues
Guarantees beyond Availability
 Dial Access Blocking
 Maximum Delay & Jitter
 Minimum Effective Bandwidth
QoS
Individualized SLAs by
Guarantees  Class of Service (Application)
 Customer or groups of
customers (VPN)
 Flow or connection
 
Application & Source Reduction of large frequently
encountered latency and
Performance Issues response time
 Efficiency of network traffic
(e.g., Latency, Jitter)
Approaches
 Allocation of dial ports per VPN or service
 Static (SLAs) & Dynamic (RSVP) QoS
Requests
 Resource reservation (provisioning,
MPLS explicit paths, RSVP)
 Use of QoS aware network elements
 Differentiated Services
 Integrated Services
 Classification, large multi-priority buffer
pools and buffer management
 Edgevs Core congestion control
 Policing , shaping, marking

Caching
Network and Server Load Balancing
 Efficient Multicasting
 Mirroring
 Firewall/Proxy Server Farms
 Private Peering Agreements
How Will IP Networks Approach the
Performance of ATM Networks?
Dynamic
SLA SLA
The Past The Future
Reliability
Blocking
Reliability Latency
Blocking Jitter
Loss

• Implementing wire speed switches

• Decreasing effect of IP packet variability and header size with
transmission of higher speeds
• Selecting good designs and paths with VPN Designer expert system
• Making IP connection oriented via MPLS, per flow queueing
• Implementing QoS infrastructure akin to PNNI
• Using policies and directories to enable QoS
• Exploiting ASICS for congestion control directly on flows
• Executing congestion control within core instead of at edge
Next Generation Switches
SLAs
VPN
Designer
(Central)
VPN VPN
Designer Manager
(Distributed) System
ATM Switch (Distributed)

Site 1 LSR LSR Site 2

LSR
LSR SR
Label Switching L
LSR Site 3
Router

• Wire speed traffic classification and filtering

– No performance degradation when filtering or QoS is switched on
• Complete traffic isolation:
– Can meet Service Level Agreements without the need for over-provisioning
• Guaranteed minimum bandwidth based on source address, destination address, protocol
and/or TCP/UDP port numbers
• Hierarchical Weighted Fair Queuing
Decreasing Effect of IP Packet Variability
and Header Size (Example Application:
Voice over ATM vs. Voice over IP)
Situation
•Large IP packets cause longer delays than short ATM packets
•Variable IP packets create more jitter than fixed ATM packets
•20 Byte IP header causes less economic efficiency than 5 Byte ATM header
1
(Voice over ATM)
0.9
IP RELATIVE TO ATM

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
45 150 600
(T3) (OC-3) (OC-12)
SPEED MBPS

Natural Solution
•IP Performance and Economics Comparable at Speeds beyond OC-12
Make IP Connection Oriented via MPLS...
•Translate SLAs for Configuration
•Determine QoS Paths
SLAs
VPN
Designer
(Central)
VPN VPN
Designer Manager
(Distributed) System
ATM Switch (Distributed)

Site 1 LSR LSR Site 2

LSR
•Determine and Propagate
Enterprise & Network Topology
•Translate SLAs for configuration
•Determine QoS Paths
•Set up ATM VC or MPLS Label
Switched paths
•Classifies incoming traffic
(IP header, port,DS byte)
•Forward/route traffic based on
forwarding/routing table
LSR
SR
Label Switching L
LSR Site 3
Router
Allows QoS path optimization
SLAs are easy to implement.
Facilitates identifying individual flows
Can be used with IP, ATM, SONET, WDM, ...
Supports multi-vendor environments
Complements Enterprise need for tunnels

Will require building QoS capabilities into

OSPF, LDP, RSVP protocols
 IP With MPLS and IP Over ATM For IP QoS
Guarantees
IP (MPLS ERLSP*) ATM
Path Definition End-End, Explicit End-End, Explicit
Switching Level 2 or 2.5 Level 2 or 2.5
QoS Signaling Dynamically Inferred PVC: Statistically
from IP or MPLS Header Configured During
Provisioning
SVC: Dynamically
Negotiated at Call Set
Up
QoS Control MPLS, DS Byte ATM Adaptation Layer n
Path Set Up LDP, RSVP+ PNNI
Optimum Path Off Line; Provisioned in PVC: Off Line;
Determination Edge Label Switched Provisioned in ATM Sw.
Router SVC: Dynamic; During
Call Set Up
Path Re-Routing Manual; Can be Dynamic; Auto
Around Failures Automated via Network Detection for Existing
Management PVCs and new PVCs or
SVCs
*ERLSP=Explicitly Routed Label Switched Path
Congestion Control of Bad Behavers:
Value of Isolating Flows in QoS Management
VPN1 And VPN2 Have The Same Contract ( 0.4 of the DS1 capacity)
VPN2 uses 0.52 of the capacity (i.e., 30% more than contract)

Benefit of Isolating Flows Price of Not Isolating Flows

70
70
60

Maximum delay in ms
60
Maximum delay in ms

50 VPN 1
50
VPN2 (without flow isolation)
40 40

30 VPN1 30
VPN 1
20 20 (with flow isolation)

10 10

0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Utilization of VPN1 Utilization of VPN1
Both at same priority with routers using flow isolation
( by VPN) and equal weights for the two VPNs Both at same priority with no discrimination

•Without flow isolation, all VPNs get unacceptable delay when one creates congestion
•With flow isolation, all well behaving VPNs get acceptable delay
•With flow isolation, misbehaving VPNs can get acceptable delay only when other VPNs
well below contracted load
Reducing Latency: Web Access
With Next Generation Caching
www.cnnfn.com
www.lucent.com www.yahoo.com

Current Situation
PULL
•High End-to-end latency
•High Network load
•High Server load
Cache •High Cost for ISP and Enterprise
Router Central Sites
Cache Solution
Multicast
Control Principle:Move content closer to users
– much lower web access latency
L4 – reduced network congestion
http
Request Load Balance Requests – higher content availability
Trap Request
Next Steps
Request Reply – pre-fetch “hot” objects
– multicast to cache sites
– load balance cache sites
Client – high level trap of cache request
– support “streaming” multimedia
Deploy cache sites in:
--- NAP – cache dynamic content
--- Backbone network – support value-added services
--- Data center
--- ISP
--- POP
--- Enterprise
Reducing Latency With Multicasting
Current Situation
•Redundant traffic causing needless loading of network and servers
•Results in unacceptable latency

Solution: Reduced Latency via Obstacles to Overcome

•Reduced traffic on core network •Lack of unique set of protocols
•Reduced load at data source server •Data synchronization
•Data closer to receivers •Reliability, Recovery from lost data
•Combination with caching and replication •Current implementations too static
Multicast Data
Data
Group Receiver
Receiver
Multicast
Data
Data Cooperative
Receiver
Receiver Server
Data
Data
Receiver
Receiver
Core Multicast
Core Group
Data Network
Data Network
Receiver
Receiver
Data Data
Data Data
Source Receiver
Source Receiver
Multicast
Group
Data
Data
Receiver
Receiver Multicast
Data
Data Cooperative
Receiver
Receiver Server
Data
Data
Receiver
Receiver
 Issues to be solved for Next Generation
Networks: Security
Security Issues
 Unauthorized network access
 Inappropriate access to network
Confidentiality resources
 Authentication  Disclosure of data
 Unauthorized modification to
 Access Control data and software
 Audit  Disclosure of network traffic
 Spoofing of network traffic
 Disruption of network functions
 Ensure information cannot be
modified by
 Intential tampering
Integrity  Human error
 Diaster events
 Prevent resources from being
depleted or becoming
inaccessible when needed
Availability  Protection from abusive
sources (e.g., mail spam)
 Denial of service attacks
 Endpoints with non-registered IP
addresses over a globally routed
public network will not be routed
General or will cause confusion
 Allow users to use non-IP
protocols (e.g. IPX, AppleTalk)
over an IP network
Approaches
 Security policies
 Access control list policies: role based,
discretionary, mandatory (e.g.,
RADIUS/DIAMETER Servers)
 Authenticate via challenge-response,
voice-,fingerprint, fixed signature...
 Tunneling to move authentication from
access provider to destination enterprise
 Intrusion detection: Prevent, active, trap
 Firewalls
 Encryption, Public Key Infrastructure
(PKI), Certificate Authorities
 Tunneling: IPSec, L2TP, PPTP
 VPNs and IPSec compliant VPNs
 Network Address Translation (NAT)
 ICSA Certification
 Automatic network device discovery
 Incident trap and response capability
 Data integrity/validation & audit controls
 System redundancy and high availability
 NAT at the interfaces between the
enterprise and the public network
 End-end tunneling hides addressing and
legacy protocols (MPLS, IP-in-IP)
 Service provider tunnels mask addresses
 Virtual Routers to handle multiple
customers’ private addressing
Requirements for Access to VPNs
Certificate
PPP ISP
ISP Authority Internet
RAS
RAS
Certificate
R
Authentication IPSecR
Server
PPP/L2TP Server R R
IPsec Internet LNS
RADIUS

Authentication
Server
Dial: Telecommuters and remote office Dedicated: Branch office
access to a corporate site access to a corporate site
VPN Requirements
• Private Addressing: to allow access to corporate network resources (Tunneling and
Network Address Translation)
• Security: authentication of users and privacy of user data as it goes over the network
(RADIUS/DIAMETER, Tunneling)
• Legacy Protocols: allow user to use non-IP protocols (e.g. IPX, AppleTalk) over an IP
network (Tunneling)
• Performance: provide a level of performance comparable to that of private networks (QoS)
• Network Management: provide customer management of the VPN (monitoring,
reconfiguration,..)
Issue: Tunneling addresses many VPN requirements but makes QoS more difficult
since flow information becomes hidden in the core
Evolving Tunneling Options
USER SERVICE PROVIDER CORPORATE NETWORK
IP-IP

L Host
RAS/ ISP Router/
PC RAS/
E LAC Backbone LNS Firewall
Router
C RADIUS
Server
RAS = Remote Access Server (modem pool) L2TP
LAC = L2TP Access Client
LNS = L2TP Network Server
IPsec
Benefits Disadvantages
 Hides native IP packet  Mainly manual tunnel set up
IP-IP  Supports private addressing  Basic tunnel features
 Can handle “special” routing situations  Easy to spoof
 Industry security standard  Expect service providers to
 Powerful authentication and encryption offer soon
IPsec protocols protect integrity and confidentiality  Packets within tunnel can get
 Works with variety of encryption methods QoS in backbone based on
 Has tunneling mode (IP-IP benefits) source/destination address
 Certificate Authority provides scalable and Type of Service
framework for key distribution and management
 Industry Layer 2 tunneling standard  Additional overhead
 IP-IP benefits plus can carry non-IP protocols  All packets within tunnel get
L2TP  Can extend PPP end-point from Service provider same QoS treatment by
RAS to enterprise router. Allows backbone network elements
 User authentication by corporate RADIUS server  Expect service providers to
 Private address assignment to user by corporate server offer soon
Issues to Be Solved for Next Generation
Networks: Network Management
Issues
 Complex networks with many
services lack data coordination &
integration
 Each device is statically managed and
Network has its own related data
Demand for service management in a
Management 
world of device management today.
 Need for offer policies (e.g., VPN) in
conjunction with technology policies
(e.g., QoS)
 Need for more dynamic and timely
management of network
Approaches
 Introduce directories into
management process
 Introduce integration of service
management and related data
integration
 Integrate QoS, Route, Security…
servers
 Make policy management reactive to
network conditions as well as
prescriptive.
 Expert system control of provisioning
parameters and server policies
Historical Network Management/Policy
Paradigm

Device Manager (NMS) Device

Manager (2) Current paradigm has
following problems:
•Individual Device management
•Device Manager per vendor
•Device Manager per product
SNMP
Data store Data store
•No unified configuration store
•Network Manager and Device
have Client-Server model and
are not peers
Agent Agent Agent

Network Network Network

NVRAM NVRAM NVRAM
Device Device Device
 Evolving to Next Generation Network
Management
Current Situation Near Term The Future
•Independent device and •Directories drive data •Distributed policy
independent services unification management
management •Central policy management •Integrated services
•Table-driven device functions on service basis through policies
•Client(NM)-Server(Device) •Dynamic device functions •Reactive agents added
architecture •Policy agents added •Complex & reactive
•SNMP policy capabilities

Network Management Network Management Policy Administration

Technology Technology Policy

Specific Policy Distribution
COPS
Configurations DNS/DHCP Servers
Business Policy Support
Radius LDAP Services
Radius Policy
SNMP DNS/DHCP Servers
(VPN Designer)

Network Device Network Device Network Device

Complex Networks and New Dynamic Services Drive
Changes to Policy Management and Infrastructure
Issues Solutions
•Management is device configuration; •Technology Policy  Service Policy
needs to be offer & service related •Protocol Based Management Tables
•Associated data is per device per vendor  Common Information Model
and largely in tables; needs to be •Configuration  Policy Management
integrated and for the offer or service •Provisioned  Dynamic  Reactive
•Data inconsistency and synchronization Policy
problems since data repeated for devices
•Management rules need to respond to
changes in network conditions

Unified
Software Configuratio Centralized
Distributed
Policy Management
Monitoring n Policy
Unmanaged Management
Self-healing
Networks Networks
Static Dynamically Procedural Reactive
Filter Updated Policy Agents Policy Agents
Tables Filter
Tables
Device Network Policy
Devices Management Management Management
Directory Evolution: Near Future

Directory Directory Directory

LDAP

Data Data Data Directory

store store store Management
Interface
Meta-Directory
Meta Directory Solution
•All directory changes are arbitrated
Address QoS through the Meta-Directory
Policy Policy
Server Server • Meta-Directory maintains
consistency between information
DHCP COPS in each physical directory/database
– Appearance of a single
directory to Network Manager
Network –Single entry link to other
Device
directories
Meta-Directory Is A Band-aid
•Does not resolve any overlapping
schema issues
Network Management (The Future):
Supporting Complex and Reactive Policies

Policies Are Represented as Scripts

Solution
Directory
•Policy scripts
Configuration Decision
Activities Support
– Distributed by Policy Server
LDAP
Info – Interpreted by Network Devices
– Alternative to COPS/DIAMETER

Policy Directory
Distribution Manager Access • Network Device uses Directory for
Directory Policy
Interpreter (PIP) Client configuration
Access and
Client Processor • Policy Server uses Directory for
Management &
Decision Support decision support and policy storage
Config Filter
Data Tables RTOS
Policy • Policy Server and Directory Access
Server Client both manipulate device data
Network Device
structures
 Example Voice over IP Application:
What is Required to Support VoIP With QoS?
Voice over IP (VoIP) Architecture Requirements

• Today’s products do not scale well. Need to separate signaling from

media transport and control for large scalable networks
– Media Gateways ~ 1000’s
– Media Gateway Controllers/Gate Keepers ~ 10’s,
– Signaling Gateways < 10

• Today’s solutions do not interface with value added feature data

bases or Signaling Control Points (SCPs). Voice feature support
requires interaction with existing and future SCPs such as
– Local Number Portability (LNP), 800, SDN, ...

• VoIP is growing much faster than multimedia over IP. Thus, focus on
voice protocol simplification first.

• Commercial Success of VoIP (including VPNs) will require QoS

– Call Admission
– Media Transport
Near Term Evolution of VoIP Architecture:
Functional View Existing Voice New VoIP
Data Bases,
New VoIP
Data Bases, Existing Voice
Feature Servers Servers • User Authentication. Servers Feature Servers
• Local Number
• Accounting
Portability
• SDN • Routing
• 800 LDAP/IP* ,
TCAP/
IP RADIUS

TCAP/
Gate H.323++/SIP+ Gate
SS7 Gateways
Keeper Keeper
Between
D-Channel H.323+, Domains
Signaling D-Channel
Translation
SIP Signaling
SS7 Call Call Translation SS7
TBDMedia GW Control
Signaling Control Net
Net Media GW Signaling
Gateway Controller Functions Functions
SS7 Controller Gateway

MGCP/MDCP/H.gcp* L
L
E Media Media E
C Gateway RTP/ Gateway C
T1,
PRI Voice Circuit UDP/
ER ER Voice Circuit
to IP, to
IP Connection Ethernet IP Connection
“IP” Network

Challenges (Mainly Due to Number of Devices)

•Call Set Up Time •QoS Guarantees
•Reliability •Network Management
* Proposed Protocol
•Voice Quality •Cost/Minute H.323+ = H.225+ & H.245
H.323++ = H.225+, H.245 & Annex G
Requirements for Future QoS VoIP Architecture
•QoS Aware Network Elements
•QoS Protocols
•MPLS, RSVP, LDP in IP Network
•802.1p on Ethernet LANs
•DiffServ on IP
•Call/Connection Admission Control
•QoS Policy
•QoS Network Management

CAC
DS
Gate Gate
Keeper Keeper
DS DS
802.1p

SS7 Signaling Media GW QoS Policy, SS7

Manager Media GW Signaling
Gateway Controller CAC Controller Gateway

802.1p
LEC LEC
Media Media
802.1p Gateway DS Gateway

CAC

“IP” Network
CAC=Call/Connection Admission Control
DS=DiffServ Byte in IP Header
Summary: What to Expect in Transition to
the Next Generation Network
• Data applications dominate network traffic
– Multimedia, collaborative systems have increased acceptance
– Network driven to data networking solution
– Data network must also support voice applications and
– Must interwork with Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
• Rapid new technology decreases cost; increases capabilities
• Network is packet based
– Packet voice technology widely utilized
• Need to provide QoS, Security, Network Management …
• Intelligent, wire speed, QoS enabled switching elements for better
efficiency and control
• Data networks achieve reliability comparable to voice networks
• Vendors provide solutions that
– work in heterogeneous, multi-vendor environments
– allow rapid introduction of new services
– allow customers to provide service differentiation