ASSIGNMENT - 1

BY – CHANPREET KAUR BHATIA

X SEM, STUDIO A, SECTION A
SHORING
ECCENTRIC FOUNDATION
◦ Eccentric Foundations are one of the most
commonly used types of foundation designs in
rear or side extensions and are commonly seen
forming part of Party Wall Awards, Party Wall
Notices and Party Wall Surveyor requests.
◦ An eccentric foundation is a foundation
whereby the wall sits on the outer edge of the
foundation. The entirety of the foundation and
the wall will therefore be wholly on the building
owner’s land, meaning that they are not
only getting a larger extension, but they are
also reducing the impact of their proposed
work on the adjoining owner’s property.
◦ Typical Foundations
◦ A typical foundation differs from this as the wall sits at
the centre of the foundation. This type of foundation
can either be placed astride the line of junction,
thereby acting as a Party Wall. Alternatively, it can
also be placed so that the wall is wholly on the
building owner’s land, with the outer edge of the
foundation projecting onto the adjoining owner’s
land.
◦ Eccentric foundations are used in a number of
different situations during Party Wall works:
◦ When a building owner wants to build their
proposed wall right up to the line of junction,
thereby maximising the space of their
proposed extension.
◦ When the adjoining owner already has their
own extension in place, built up to the line of
junction. Thereby, meaning a typical
foundation design isn’t feasible.
◦ If the adjoining owner’s foundation projects
into the building owner’s land, meaning a
typical foundation is not possible.
◦ Where the adjoining owner doesn’t want any
projections into their land, as they intend to
undertake a similar extension in the future.
◦ All of these situations will require the use of an
eccentric foundation.
 We have found that eccentric foundations are
favored by Party Wall Surveyors for a number of
reasons:
◦ They avoid projections into the adjoining
owner’s property.
◦ They are well known and easily executed by
contractors.
◦ They avoid future Party Wall issues (from the
perspective of the adjoining owner’s property).
◦ Below are a number of situations whereby
eccentric foundations had to be used, along
with a description as to why they were required.
◦ Where the adjoining owner doesn’t want any
projections into their land, as they intend to
undertake a similar extension in the future.
◦ When the adjoining owner already has their
own extension in place, built up to the line of
junction. Thereby, meaning a typical
foundation design isn’t feasible.
Formwork, Scaffolding, Shoring &
Underpinning

FORMWORK
◦ When concrete is placed, it is in
plastic state. It requires to be
supported by temporary
supports & casings of desired
shape till it becomes sufficiently
strong to support its own weight.
This is known as formwork or
forms or shuttering.
◦ It is provisional structure with all
necessary pressure withstanding
support elements built to form &
contain freshly poured
concrete. It is surface, supports
& framing used to define shape
of concrete until concrete is
selfsupporting.
◦ Actually formwork is reverse
shape of concrete member
which is to be cast.
◦ Term moulds is sometimes used
to indicate formwork of
relatively small units such as
lintels, window sill, cornices etc.
◦ For circular works such as arch,
vault, dome term centring is
generally used. Construction of
formwork involves considerable
expenditure of time & material.
◦ To reduce expenditure, it is
necessary to design
economical types of formwork
& mechanize its construction.
◦ REQUIREMENTS OF FORMWORK
◦ A good formwork should suitably have
following major requirements broadly:
1. Easy Removal
2. Economy
3. Less Leakage
4. Quality
5. Rigidity
6. Smooth Surface
7. Strength
8. Support
 01. Easy Removal
◦ Design should be such that it can be
removed easily with least amount of
hammering.
◦ This will also prevent possible damage to
concrete which has not become
sufficiently hard.
◦ Further, if removal is easy, it can be
made fit for reuse with little expenditure.
When concrete has reached certain
required strength, the form is no longer
needed & is removed.
Operation of removing form work is
commonly known as stripping.
When stripping takes place, components
of form work are removed & then reused
for forms of another part of structures.
Such forms, whose components can be
reused several times, are known as
panel forms.
 02. Economy
◦ It is to be noted that formwork does not
contribute to stability of finished structure
& hence it will be desirable to bring
down cost to minimum consistent with
safety. Following steps can be adopted
to effect economy of form work :
◦ Reduction in number of irregular shapes
◦ Standardizing room dimensions
◦ Use of components parts of commercial
sizes
◦ Putting formwork in use again as early as
possible Formwork should be
constructed of that material which is
easily available at low cost & which can
be reused for several times.
 03. Less Leakages
◦ Formwork should be so arranged that
there is minimum of leakage through
joints. This is achieved by providing tight
joint between adjacent sections of
formwork
 04. Quality
◦ Forms should be designed & built
accurately so that the desired size,
shape & finish of concrete is
attained.Design should be such that it
can be removed easily with least
amount of hammering.
 05. Rigidity
◦ Formwork should be rigid enough so as
to retain shape without any appreciable
deformation. For visible surfaces in
completed work the deflection is limited
to 1/300 of span & for hidden surface, to
1/15 span. It should also be noted that
rigid form work will be robust & stiff
enough to allow repeated use.
 06. Smooth Surface
◦ Inside surface of formwork should be
smooth so as to turn out a good
concrete surface. This is achieved by
applying crude oil or soft soap solution
to inside surface of form work.
 02. Economy
◦ It is to be noted that formwork does ◦
not contribute to stability of finished
structure & hence it will be desirable
to bring down cost to minimum
consistent with safety. Following steps
can be adopted to effect economy
of form work :
◦ Reduction in number of irregular
shapes
◦ Standardizing room dimensions
◦ Use of components parts of
commercial sizes
◦ Putting formwork in use again as
early as possible Formwork should be
constructed of that material which is
easily available at low cost & which  06. Smooth Surface
can be reused for several times.
◦ Inside surface of formwork should be
 03. Less Leakages
◦ Formwork should be so arranged
that there is minimum of leakage
through joints. This is achieved by
providing tight joint between
adjacent sections of formwork
 04. Quality
Forms should be designed & built
accurately so that the desired size,
shape & finish of concrete is
attained.Design should be such that
it can be removed easily with least
amount of hammering.
 05. Rigidity
◦ Formwork should be rigid enough so
as to retain shape without any
appreciable deformation. For visible
surfaces in completed work the
deflection is limited to 1/300 of span
& for hidden surface, to 1/15 span. It
should also be noted that rigid form
work will be robust & stiff enough to
allow repeated use.
smooth so as to turn out a good
concrete surface. This is achieved by
applying crude oil or soft soap
solution to inside surface of form
work.
 07. Strength ◦ Non-yielding support
◦ Formwork should be sufficiently strong TYPES OF FORMWORK
enough to bear dead load of wet
concrete as well as weight of ◦ Usual materials which are employed in
equipment, labour etc. required for preparation of formwork are steel &
placing & compacting concrete. timber. Formwork is also sometimes
prepared from aluminium, precast
◦ This required careful design of concrete or fibre glass for cast in situ
formwork. Over estimation of loads members involving curved surfaces.
result into expensive formwork & under
estimation of loads result into failure of ◦ Traditional / Timber Formwork
form work. ◦ Steel Formwork
◦ Loads on vertical forms are to be ◦ Climbing Formwork or Sliding Formwork
assessed from various consideration or Slip Forming
such as :
◦ Density of concrete ◦ Permanent Formwork
◦ Dimensions of sections ◦ Special Formwork
◦ Concrete temperature ◦ Table Form
◦ Slump of concrete
◦ Ganged Panel Form
◦ Reinforcement details
◦ Stiffness of forms and ◦ Tunnel Form
◦ Rate of pouring of concrete ◦ Doka Formwork System
Supports
◦ Formwork should rest on:
◦ Sound
◦ Hard &
Timber formwork

Steel formwork

Slip formwork
Permanent formwork

Table formwork Ganged panel formwork

Tunnel formwork
UNDERPINING
◦ Placing of new foundation below
existing foundation or process of
strengthening existing foundation is
known as underpinning of
foundations.
Following situations demands
underpinning:
◦ Building with deep foundations is to
be constructed adjoining to existing
building
◦ Placing of new foundation below
existing foundation or process of
strengthening existing foundation is
known as underpinning of
foundations.
◦ Following situations demands
underpinning:
◦ Building with deep foundations is to
be constructed adjoining to existing
building
Points to be noted:
◦ Necessary shoring & strutting should
be provided to structure to make it
safe for carrying out process of
underpinning.
◦ Structure should be carefully
examined before underpinning is
commenced & poor masonry work
should be suitably rectified
◦ Necessary to carry out urgent repairs
such as grouting of cracks, insertion of
tie rods between walls etc. before
commencing.
◦ Levels may be marked on structure &
movement of structure should be
checked & recorded
◦ It is an art rather than science. Due to
advance made in science of soil
mechanics, much guess work is
eliminated.
◦ When RS Joist is used as needle,
bearing plate is provided to avoid
crushing of masonry
METHOD OF UNDERPINNING
◦ Pit Method
◦ Pile Method
◦ Miscellaneous Methods
Pit Method
◦ Existing wall is divided into suitable
section of width about 1.2 to 1.5m
◦ Holes are then made in existing wall
◦ Needles with bearing plates are then
inserted through these holes &
supported on jacks.
◦ Pit is excavated & existing foundation
is taken up to required level
◦ Following precautions are necessary:
◦ One section should be excavated at
a time
◦ Alternate sections should be taken in ◦ Walls carrying heavy loads
succession
◦ If length of wall is more underpinning
is started from middle & then
extended in both directions
◦ Proper timbering should be provided
for trench
◦ It is desirable to carry out new
foundation work in concrete
◦ If space to support needles on outside
is not available, cantilever needles,
projecting inside & provided with
fulcrums & loading, may be may be
adopted. Hydraulic jack is placed
between needles & fulcrum
Pile Method
◦ In this method piles are driven along
both sides of existing wall & then
needles in form of pile caps are
provided through existing wall
◦ Thus existing wall is relieved of loads
coming on it.
◦ Useful in
◦ Clayey soils
◦ Water logged areas &
◦ For underpinning very light structures,
piles are driven along the structure &
then brackets or cantilever needles
are provided to carry the structure
Miscellaneous Method ◦ Nature of soil
◦ Following are some specialised ◦ Depth of consolidation
underpinning methods which may
sometimes be successfully adopted: ◦ Site of work

◦ Cement Grouting  Freezing:

◦ Chemical Consolidation ◦ In this method freezing pipes are

driven below existing footing & soil is
◦ Freezing frozen.
◦ Vibro flotation ◦ This method is rarely adopted, mainly
because of two reasons:
 Cement Grouting
◦ It is expensive
◦ Used to restore slab or pavement
which has settled ◦ More time is required for installation of
freezing pipes
◦ Operation is simple
 Vibro floatation:
◦ Holes are drilled in slab & cement
grout is forced under pressure through ◦ Underpinning is carried out by
these holes vibrating sand & thereby increasing its
density which ultimately results in
◦ Pressure is maintained until cement increase of bearing capacity of soil
grout has set
◦ Useful for granular or sandy soil &
 Chemical Consolidation before process of underpinning starts,
◦ Soil under existing footing is building or any of its structural
consolidated by using chemicals components is shored carefully.

Procedure is as below: ◦ Vibrating equipment or soil to be

compacted is to be isolated from
◦ Perforated pipes are driven in an building & its shoring
inclined direction. Inclination slopes
are so adjusted that entire area under
command of inclined pipes
◦ When pipes are being driven, solution
of sodium silicate in water is injected
through pipes
◦ Pipes are then withdrawn & during
withdrawal of pipes, calcium or
magnesium chloride is injected
through pipes
◦ Chemical reaction takes place & soil
is consolidated
◦ This method is useful when soil consists
of sand or granular materials & cost
of consolidation depends on
SCAFFOLDING
◦ Placing of new foundation below
existing foundation or process of
strengthening existing foundation is
known as underpinning of
foundations.
Following situations demands
underpinning:
◦ Building with deep foundations is to
be constructed adjoining to existing
building
◦ Placing of new foundation below
existing foundation or process of
strengthening existing foundation is
known as underpinning of
foundations.
◦ Following situations demands
underpinning:
◦ Building with deep foundations is to
be constructed adjoining to existing
building
Points to be noted:
◦ Necessary shoring & strutting should
be provided to structure to make it
safe for carrying out process of
underpinning.
◦ Structure should be carefully
examined before underpinning is
commenced & poor masonry work
should be suitably rectified
◦ Necessary to carry out urgent repairs
such as grouting of cracks, insertion of
tie rods between walls etc. before
commencing.
◦ Levels may be marked on structure &
movement of structure should be
checked & recorded
◦ It is an art rather than science. Due to
advance made in science of soil
mechanics, much guess work is
eliminated.
◦ When RS Joist is used as needle,
bearing plate is provided to avoid
crushing of masonry