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Open Channels

Engr. Kevin Tanguin


Open Channel

 Uniform Flow
 Alternate Stages of Flow
 Non-uniform Flow
Open Channel

 An open channel contains fluid that has a free


surface. That is, the liquid surface is exposed
to the atmosphere.
 The primary driving force of flow is gravity
Open Channel

 Examples of open channels include


-rivers and streams
-gutters
-canals
-dams
Classification of Open Channel Flow

 Uniform Flow (S = So)


-defined as the flow where the depth of flow
at a given location does not change with time
 Non-uniform Flow (S ≠ So)
-occurs when the flow depth at a given
location changes
Uniform Flow
Uniform Flow
S
hL
V12/2g
V22/2g
d1
So d2
ho θ
Uniform Flow

Where:
d – depth of flow
V2/2g – velocity head
s – slope of energy grade line
so – slope of channel bed
ho – difference in elevation in the channel bed
hL – head loss
L – length of channel bed
Geometry of Uniform Flow

Rise ho
So= =
Run Lcosθ
For very small values of θ, cosθ becomes 1.0.
ho
So=
L
Energy Equation
Since velocity and depth of flow are constant, the
Bernoulli’s energy equation can be further simplified.

v12 P1 v22 P2
+ho+ - hL = +
2g γ 2g γ
hL = ho
hL = soL = sL
Specific Energy, H
-Height of the hydraulic grade line above the channel
bed.

v2
H= + d
2g
Flow Measurement
The equation used for flow measurement in open
channels is called the Chezy’s Formula;
v=C Rs
Q = A x C Rs
Where:
R – Hydraulic Radius
S – slope of the energy grade line
C- Chezy’s Coefficient
Chezy’s Coefficient

1) Darcy-Weisbach

C= 8 g /f

Where:
g – gravitational acceleration
f – friction factor
C- Chezy’s Coefficient
Chezy’s Coefficient

2) Kutter and Ganguillet Formula


1 0.00155
+23+
C= n s (SI Units)
n 0.00155
1+ 23+
R S
Where:
n – roughness coefficient
R – hydraulic radius
s – slope of energy grade line
C- Chezy’s Coefficient
Chezy’s Coefficient

3) Manning’s Formula
1 1/6 Where:
C= R
n n – roughness coefficient
1 2/3 1/2 R – hydraulic radius
V= R S s – slope of energy grade line
n
C- Chezy’s Coefficient
(SI Units)
Chezy’s Coefficient

4) Bazin Formula
Where:
87 m – Bazin coefficient
C= m
1+ R – hydraulic radius
√R s
(SI Units)
Chezy’s Coefficient

5) Powell Equation

C ε Where:
C = −42log ( + ) Re – Reynold’s Number
Re R
ε – Roughness in meters
(SI Units)
Boundary Shear Stress

- Average shear stress, τo, acting over a wetted surface.

τo = γRs Where:
τo – boundary shear stress
R – hydraulic radius
s – slope of the energy grade line
Problem 43
Water flows uniformly in a rectangular concrete open
channel that is 10m wide at a depth of 3m. The channel
slope is 0.0025. Using roughness coefficient of 0.013, find
the velocity, flow rate and boundary shear stress.
Problem 44
An earth canal carries water at a depth of 1.8m. The canal
is 6m wide on the bottom and has side slope 1.5 to 1V.
S = 0.0002. Using the value of n=0.025, compute the
a) Discharge by manning’s formula
b) The value of n using Kutter’s formula
c) The value of m using Bazin Formula
Problem 45

A 600mm radius sewer pipe is laid on a slope of 0.001 and


has a roughness coefficient n = 0.012, was found to be 7/8
full. Determine the discharge through the pipe.
Normal Depth, dn

-The depth at which uniform flow will occur in an open


channel.
-Can be determined by setting s = so
Most Efficient Sections, MES

-Or most economical sections for a given slope, s, and area, A.


-achieved when the perimeter is minimized for a given cross
section
Proportions for MES

-Rectangular Section

d
b = 2d

b R = d/2
Proportions for MES

-Trapezoidal Section
2b

d
R = d/2
b b

-all sides must be equal


Proportions for MES

-Triangular Section

d A = d2
θ
Θ = 90 deg
Proportions for MES

-Circular Section
Maximum Discharge
d = 93.8% D

D Maximum Velocity
d
d = 82% D
Problem 46

A rectangular channel, 15m wide is to carry water at the rate


of 22 m3/s. If the channel slope is 0.00025, determine the
normal depth of flow. Use roughness coefficient = 0.013.
Problem 47

Determine the maximum flow through a 1.2 meter diameter


concrete culvert which is laid on a slope of 0.009. n = 0.013.
Problem 48

A triangular channel with the most efficient proportions


discharges water at the rate of 1 m3/s. Assuming n=0.018
and s = 0.0021. Calculate the normal depth of flow.
End

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