Bolt Connections

68402/61420 3
68402/61420 5
KUAT TARIK BAUT
KUAT GESER BAUT

10
KUAT TUMPU PELAT
KAPASITAS SAMBUNGAN BAUT
Catatan :

 LRFD
 ASD
68402/61420 18
JARAK ANTAR BAUT (s)

3 d < s < 15 t atau 200 mm

Dimana ; db = diameter baut tanpa ulir
t = tebal pelat terkecil

JARAK BAUT TEPI (s1)

Smin < s1 < 12 t atau 150 mm

Dimana ; db = diameter baut tanpa ulir
t = tebal pelat terkecil
SNI 1729;2015
Bagian J3 SPASI DAN JARAK TEPI BAUT
hal 123-133

68402/61420
SNI 1729;2015
Bagian J3
hal 123-133
SPASI DAN JARAK TEPI BAUT
Bolted Connections
 Types of Connections
 Simple Bolted Shear Connections
 Bearing and Slip Critical Connections
 Eccentric Bolted Connections
 Moment Resisting Bolted Connections
 Simple Welded Connections
 Eccentric Welded Connections
 Moment Resisting Welded Connections
Types of Connections
Simple Connections Eccentric Connections

Bolted Connections Welded Connections

Common Bolts High Strength Bolts

Filet Weld

Slip Critical Groove Weld

Bearing Type
Types of Connections

Simple Connections Eccentric Connections

Bolted Connections Welded Connections

Elastic Ultimate Moment Elastic Ultimate Moment

Analysis Analysis Resisting Analysis Analysis Resisting
Simple Bolted Connections
 There are different types of bolted connections.
They can be categorized based on the type of
loading.
• Tension member connection and splice. It subjects the
bolts to forces that tend to shear the shank.
• Beam end simple connection. It subjects the bolts to forces
that tend to shear the shank.
• Hanger connection. The hanger connection puts the bolts
in tension
Simple Bolted Connections

P P
Tension member
Connection/ splice
P P

Beam end
Simple shear connection
Simple Bolted Connections
P P

Hanger connection Moment resisting

(Tension) connection
68402/61420 Slide # 28
Simple Bolted Connections
 The bolts are subjected to shear or tension loading.
• In most bolted connection, the bolts are subjected to shear.
• Bolts can fail in shear or in tension.
• You can calculate the shear strength or the tensile strength of a
bolt

 Simple connection: If the line of action of the force acting on

the connection passes through the center of gravity of the
connection, then each bolt can be assumed to resist an equal
share of the load.
 The strength of the simple connection will be equal to the
sum of the strengths of the individual bolts in the connection.
Bolt Types & Materials
A307 - Unfinished (Ordinary or Common) bolts
low carbon steel A36, Fu = 413 MPa,
for light structures under static load
A325 - High strength bolts, heat-treated medium
carbon steel, Fu = 827 MPa,
for structural joints
A490 - High strength bolts, Quenched and
Tempered Alloy steel, Fu = 1033 MPa
for structural joints
A449 - High strength bolts with diameter > 1 ½”,
anchor bolts, lifting hooks, tie-downs
68402/61420 Slide # 30
Common Bolts
 ASTM A307 bolts
 Common bolts are no longer common for current structural
design but are still available

Pu   Rn   0.75

Rn  f v Abolt

f v  165 MPa
High Strength Bolts
 High strength bolts (HSB) are
available as ASTM A 325 and ASTM
A490 Bolt
Courtesy of Kao Wang Screw Co., Ltd.
Washer
Slip Critical
Nut
 Advantages of HSB over A307 bolts Bearing Type
 Fewer bolts will be used compared to 307  cheaper connection!
 Smaller workman force required compared to 307
 Higher fatigue strength
 Ease of bolt removal  changing connection

68402/61420 Slide # 32
 High Strength Bolts
 Snug tight
• All plies of the connection are in firm contact to
each other: No pretension is used.
• Easer to install and to inspect
 Pre-tensioned Courtesy of www.halfpricesurplus.com

• Bolts are first brought to snug tight status

• Bolts are then tensioned to 70% of their tensile
stresses
• Bolts are tensioned using direct tension indicator, calibrated wrench or other
methods (see AISC)
 Slip critical
• Bolts are pre-tensioned but surfaces shall be treated to develop specific friction.
• The main difference is in design, not installation. Load must be limited not to
exceed friction capacity of the connection (Strength Vs. Serviceability!)
• Necessary when no slip is needed to prevent failure due to fatigue in bridges.
HSB – Bearing Type Connections
 The shear strength of bolts shall be determined as follows

Pu   Rn   0.75

Rn  f v Abolt AISC Table J3.2

The table bellow shows the values of fv (MPa) for different types of bolts
Type Type N Thread Type X Thread

A325 330 413

A490 413 517

• If the level of threads is not known, it is conservative to

assume that the threads are type N.
Bolted Shear Connections
 We want to design the bolted shear connections so that
the factored design strength (Rn) is greater than or equal
to the factored load.  Rn  Pu
 So, we need to examine the various possible failure
modes and calculate the corresponding design strengths.
 Possible failure modes are:
• Shear failure of the bolts
• Failure of member being connected due to fracture or yielding or ….
• Edge tearing or fracture of the connected plate
• Tearing or fracture of the connected plate between two bolt holes
• Excessive bearing deformation at the bolt hole
Failure Modes of Bolted
Connections

 Bolt Shearing

 Tension Fracture

 Plate Bearing

 Block Shear
 Actions on Bolt
Shear, bearing, bending
P P
P
P Bearing and single plane Shear
Lap Joint
P P
Bending

Butt Joint Bearing and double plane Shear

P/2 P/2
P P
P/2
P/2
Bolted Shear Connections
 Possible failure modes
 Failure of bolts: single or double shear
Single shear
PSingle Shear  f v Abolt P P

Double shear
P/2
PDouble Shear  2 f v Abolt P
P/2

 Failure of connected elements:

 Shear, tension or bending failure of the connected elements (e.g. block shear)
 Bearing failure at bolt location
Bolted Shear Connections
 Shear failure of bolts
• Average shearing stress in the bolt = fv = P/A = P/(db2/4)
• P is the load acting on an individual bolt
• A is the area of the bolt and db is its diameter
• Strength of the bolt = P = fv x (db2/4) where fv = shear yield
stress = 0.6Fy
• Bolts can be in single shear or double shear as shown above.
• When the bolt is in double shear, two cross-sections are effective
in resisting the load. The bolt in double shear will have the twice
the shear strength of a bolt in single shear.
Bolted Shear Connections
Bolted Shear Connections
 Failure of connected member
• We have covered this in detail in this course on tension members
• Member can fail due to tension fracture or yielding.

 Bearing failure of connected/connecting part due to

bearing from bolt holes
• Hole is slightly larger than the fastener and the fastener is loosely
placed in hole
• Contact between the fastener and the connected part over
approximately half the circumference of the fastener
• As such the stress will be highest at the radial contact point (A).
However, the average stress can be calculated as the applied force
divided by the projected area of contact
Bolted Shear Connections
• Average bearing stress fp = P/(db t), where P is the force applied
to the fastener.
• The bearing stress state can be complicated by the presence of
nearby bolt or edge. The bolt spacing and edge distance will have
an effect on the bearing strength.
• Bearing stress effects are independent of the bolt type because
the bearing stress acts on the connected plate not the bolt.
• A possible failure mode resulting from excessive bearing close to
the edge of the connected element is shear tear-out as shown
below. This type of shear tear-out can also occur between two
holes in the direction of the bearing load.

Rn = 2 x 0.6 Fu Lc t = 1.2 Fu Lc t
Bolted Shear Connections
• The bearing strength is independent of the bolt material as it is failure in
the connected metal

PBearing  f p dbolt t
• The other possible common failure is shear end failure known as “shear
tear-out” at the connection end
Pu   Rn   0.75
Lc
Rn  1.2 Lc t Fu  2.4 d t Fu Lc

Shear limitation Bearing limitation

Bolted Shear Connections
Bolted Shear Connections
Spacing and Edge-distance
requirements
 The AISC code gives guidance for edge distance and spacing to
avoid tear out shear

h
Lc  Le  AISC Table J3.4
2 Le
h is the hole diameter h  dbolt  1.6 mm
Le S
NOTE: The actual hole diameter is 1.6 mm bigger than the bolt,
we use another 1.6 mm for tolerance when we calculate net area. Here use 1.6 mm only not 3.2

 Bolt spacing is a function of the bolt diameter

 Common we assume S  3 d bolt

 The AISC minimum spacing is S  2 23 d bolt

 Bolt Spacings & Edge Distances
 Bolt Spacings
- Painted members or members not subject to corrosion:
2 2/3d ≤ Bolt Spacings ≤ 24t or 305 mm
(LRFD J3.3) (LRFD J3.5)
- Unpainted members subject to corrosion:
3d ≤ Bolt Spacings ≤ 14t or 178 mm

 Edge Distance
Values in Table J3.4M ≤ Edge Distance ≤ 12t or 152 mm
(LRFD J3.4) (LRFD J3.5)

d - bolt diameter
t - thickness of thinner plate
 Bolted Shear Connections
• To prevent excessive deformation of the hole, an upper limit is
placed on the bearing load. This upper limit is proportional to the
fracture stress times the projected bearing area

Rn = C x Fu x bearing area = C Fu db t

yp
• If deformation is not a concern then C = 3, If deformation is a
concern then C = 2.4
• C = 2.4 corresponds to a deformation of 6.3 mm.
• Finally, the equation for the bearing strength of a single bolts is
Rn
• where,  = 0.75 and Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu < 2.4 db t Fu
• Lc is the clear distance in the load direction, from the edge of the
bolt hole to the edge of the adjacent hole or to the edge of the
material
Bolted Shear Connections
• This relationship can be simplified as follows:
The upper limit will become effective when 1.2 Lc t Fu > 2.4 db t
Fu
i.e., the upper limit will become effective when Lc > 2 db
If Lc < 2 db, Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu
If Lc > 2 db, Rn = 2.4 db t Fu

Fu - specified tensile strength of the connected material

Lc - clear distance, in the direction of the force, between the edge
of the hole and the edge of the adjacent hole or edge of the
material.
t - thickness of connected material
Important Notes

Lc – Clear distance
Design Provisions for Bolted Shear
Connections
 In a simple connection, all bolts share the load equally.

T/n T/n

T T/n T/n
T

T/n T/n
Design Provisions for Bolted Shear
Connections
 In a bolted shear connection, the bolts are subjected to
shear and the connecting/connected plates are subjected
to bearing stresses.
T
T

Bearing stresses in plate

T
Bolt in shear

T
Bearing stresses in plate
Design Provisions for Bolted Shear
Connections
 The shear strength of all bolts = shear strength of one bolt
x number of bolts
 The bearing strength of the connecting / connected plates
can be calculated using equations given by AISC
specifications.
 The tension strength of the connecting / connected plates
can be calculated as discussed in tension members.
AISC Design Provisions
 Chapter J of the AISC Specifications focuses on
connections.
 Section J3 focuses on bolts and threaded parts
 AISC Specification J3.3 indicates that the minimum
distance (s) between the centers of bolt holes is 2.67. A
distance of 3db is preferred.
 AISC Specification J3.4 indicates that the minimum edge
distance (Le) from the center of the bolt to the edge of the
connected part is given in Table J3.4. Table J3.4 specifies
minimum edge distances for sheared edges, edges of
rolled shapes, and gas cut edges.
68402/61420 Slide # 54
AISC Design Provisions
 AISC Specification indicates that the maximum edge
distance for bolt holes is 12 times the thickness of the
connected part (but not more than 152 mm). The maximum
spacing for bolt holes is 24 times the thickness of the
thinner part (but not more than 305 mm).

 Specification J3.6 indicates that the design tension or

shear strength of bolts is FnAb
•  = 0.75
• Table J3.2, gives the values of Fn
• Ab is the unthreaded area of bolt.
• In Table J3.2, there are different types of bolts A325 and A490.
AISC Design Provisions
• The shear strength of the bolts depends on whether threads are
included or excluded from the shear planes. If threads are included
in the shear planes then the strength is lower.

 We will always assume that threads are included in the

shear plane, therefore less strength to be conservative.

 We will look at specifications J3.7 – J3.9 later.

• AISC Specification J3.10 indicates the bearing strength of plates at
bolt holes.
• The design bearing strength at bolt holes is Rn
• Rn = 1.2 Lc t Fu ≤ 2.4 db t Fu - deformation at the bolt holes is a
design consideration
 Common bolt terminologies
 A325-SC – slip-critical A325 bolts
 A325-N – snug-tight or bearing A325 bolts
with thread included in the shear
planes.
 A325-X - snug-tight or bearing A325 bolts
with thread excluded in the shear
planes.
 Gage – center-to-center distance of bolts in p p Edge
direction perpendicular to p
distance
member’s axis
 Pitch – ...parallel to member’s axis
 Edge Distance – Distance from
center of bolt to adjacent
edge of a member p
g
Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength
 Calculate and check the design strength of the simple
connection shown below. Is the connection adequate for
carrying the factored load of 300 kN.
10 mm
3/8 in.
A36 5 x ½ mm
120x15

301.25
mm
A36
60 2.50
mm

301.25
mm
65
63kkN
300 k

¾20
in.mm A325-N
bolts
bolts
30 1.25
mm 602.50
mm 1.25
30 mm
68402/61420 Slide # 58
Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength
 Step I. Shear strength of bolts
• The design shear strength of one bolt in shear = Fn Ab = 0.75 x
330 x  x 202/4000 = 77.8 kN
•  Fn Ab = 77.8 kN per bolt (See Table J3.2)
• Shear strength of connection = 4 x 77.8 = 311.2 kN
Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength
 Step II. Minimum edge distance and spacing requirements
• See Table J3.4M, minimum edge distance = 26 mm for rolled edges
of plates
• The given edge distances (30 mm) > 26 mm. Therefore, minimum
edge distance requirements are satisfied.
• Minimum spacing = 2.67 db = 2.67 x 20 = 53.4 mm.
(AISC Specifications J3.3)
• Preferred spacing = 3.0 db = 3.0 x 20 = 60 mm.
• The given spacing (60 mm) = 60 mm. Therefore, spacing requirements
are satisfied.
Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength
 Step III. Bearing strength at bolt holes.

• Bearing strength at bolt holes in connected part (120x15 mm plate)

• At edges, Lc = 30 – hole diameter/2 = 30 – (20 + 1.6)/2 = 19.2

• Rn = 0.75 x (1.2 Lc t Fu) = 0.75 x (1.2 x19.2 x15x400)/1000 = 103.7 kN

• But, Rn ≤ 0.75 (2.4 db t Fu) = 0.75 x (2.4 x 20x15x400)/1000 = 216 kN

• Therefore, Rn = 103.7 kN at edge holes.

• At other holes, s = 60 mm, Lc = 60 – (20 + 1.6) = 38.4 mm.

• Rn = 0.75 x (1.2 Lc t Fu) = 0.75x(1.2 x 38.4 x15 x400)/1000 = 207.4 kN

• But, Rn ≤ 0.75 (2.4 db t Fu) = 216 kN. Therefore Rn = 207.4 kN
Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength
• Therefore, Rn = 216 kN at other holes
• Therefore, bearing strength at holes = 2 x 103.7 + 2 x 207.4 = 622.2 kN
• Bearing strength at bolt holes in gusset plate (10 mm plate)
• At edges, Lc = 30 – hole diameter/2 = 30 – (20 + 1.6)/2 = 19.2 mm.
• Rn = 0.75 x (1.2 Lc t Fu) = 0.75 x (1.2 x 19.2 x 10 x 400)/1000 = 69.1
kN
• But, Rn ≤ 0.75 (2.4 db t Fu) = 0.75 x (2.4 x 20 x 10 x 400)/1000 = 144
kN.
• Therefore, Rn = 69.1 kN at edge holes.
Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength
• At other holes, s = 60 mm, Lc = 60 – (20 +1.6) = 38.4 mm.
• Rn = 0.75 x (1.2 Lc t Fu) = 0.75 x (1.2 x 38.4 x 10x 400)/1000 = 138.2
kN
• But, Rn ≤ 0.75 (2.4 db t Fu) = 144 kN
• Therefore, Rn = 138.2 kN at other holes
• Therefore, bearing strength at holes = 2 x 69.1 + 2 x 138.2 = 414.6 kN
• Bearing strength of the connection is the smaller of the bearing
strengths = 414.6 kN
Ex. 6.1 - Design Strength

Connection Strength
Shear strength = 311.2
Bearing strength (plate) = 622.2 kN
Bearing strength (gusset) = 414.6 kN

Connection strength (Rn) > applied factored loads (gQ).

311.2 > 300 Therefore ok.

• Only connections is designed here

Need to design tension member and gusset plate
Eccentrically-Loaded Bolted Connections
P P
P P
Pe

CG CG

e
Eccentricity in the plane of
the faying surface
Direct Shear + Additional Shear due to
moment Pe
Pe
e
Eccentricity normal to the plane
of the faying surface
Direct Shear + Tension and Compression
(above and below neutral axis)
Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts
Eccentricity in the plane of the faying surface
LRFD Spec. presents values for computing design
strengths of individual bolt only. To compute
forces on group of bolts that are eccentrically
loaded, there are two common methods:

- Elastic Method: Conservative. Connected parts

assumed rigid. Slip resistance between
connected parts neglected.
- Ultimate Strength Method (or Instantaneous Center of
Gravity Method): Most realistic but tedious to apply
Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts
with Eccentricity on the Faying Surface
 Elastic Method
P P
e Pe
r3
d3 d1 r1
P/3
CG P/3 CG
d2

r2
P/3
Assume plates are perfectly rigid and bolts perfectly elastic 
rotational displacement at each bolt is proportional to its
distance from the CG  stress is greatest at bolt farthest from
CG
Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts
with Eccentricity on the Faying Surface

MCG = Pe = r1d1 + r2d2 + r3d3

Since the force on each bolt is proportional to its distance
from the CG:
r1 r2 r3 r1d1 r1d 2 r1d 3
   r1  ; r2  ; r3 
d1 d 2 d 3 d1 d1 d1
Substitute into eqn. for MCG:
 
2 2 2
r1d1 r1d 2 r1d 3 r1
    d1  d 2  d 3
2 2 2
M CG
d1 d1 d1 d1
r1
M CG  d2
d1
M CG d1 M CG d 2 M CG d 3
r1  ; r  ; r 
  
2 2 2 3 2
d d d
Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts
with Eccentricity on the Faying Surface
ry M d y
pmx  r1 sin   1 1  CG 1 1
H1
d1 d1 d2 
y1 r1
d1 M CG y1 Pe y1
pmx  
 
 V1 2
CG x1 d d2
M CG x1 Pe x1
pmy  

Total Forces in Bolt i:

 d2  d2

Peyi
-Horizontal Component =
 d2
P Pexi

-Vertical Component = n
 d2
Ex. 6.3 – Eccentric Connections –
Elastic Method
Determine the force in the most stressed bolt of the group
using elastic method
e P=140 kN
125 mm
Eccentricity wrt CG:
e = 125 + 50 = 175 mm
100 Direct Shear in each bolt:
mm
100 P/n = 140/8 = 17.5 kN
mm
CG Note that the upper right-hand and
100
mm
the lower right-hand bolts are the
most stressed (farthest from CG and
consider direction of forces)
100
mm
Ex. 6.3 – Eccentric Connections –
Elastic Method
Additional Shear in the upper and lower right-hand bolts
due to moment M = Pe = 140x175 = 24500 kN.mm:

d 2
  x 2   y 2 (8)(50) 2  (4)(50 2  1502 )  120000
My (22500)(150)
pmx    30.6 kN
 d 2
120000
Mx (24500)(50)
pmy    10.2 kN
 d 2
120000

The forces acting on the upper right-hand bolt are as

follows:
The resultant force on this bolt is:
30.6 kN
10.2 kN R  (10.2  17.5) 2  (30.6) 2  41.3 kN
17.5 kN
Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts
 Eccentricity Normal to Plane of Faying Surface
(a) Neutral Axis at CG
Shear force per bolt due to concentric force Pu
2rut
ruv = Pu/n n: # of bolts
Bolts above NA are in tension. Bolts below NA
are in compression. Tension force per bolt:
rut = (Pue)/n’dm
n’: # of bolts above NA
dm: moment arm between resultant tensile and
compressive forces
 Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts
 Eccentricity Normal to Plane of Faying Surface
(b) Neutral Axis Not at CG
Bolts above NA resist tension
tf
Bearing stress below NA resist compression
CG
(tension 2rut Shear per bolt due to concentric
force Pu:
group)
ruv= Pu/n
d=Depth/6
Depth

Select first trial location of NA as 1/6

of the total bracket depth.
y

NA Effective width of the compression

X X block:
beff = 8tf ≤ bf (for W-shapes, S-
beff shapes, welded plates and
angles)
Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts
Check location of NA by equating the moment of the bolt area
above the NA with the moment of the compression block area
below the NA:
Ab x y = beff x d x d/2
Ab = sum of areas of bolts above the NA
y = distance from X-X to the CG of bolts above NA
d = depth of compression block (adjust until satisfy)

Once the NA has been located, the tensile force per bolt:

rut = (PuecAb)/Ix
c = distance from NA to most remote bolt in group
Ix = combined moment of inertia of bolt group and compression block
about NA
 Bolts Subjected to Shear and Tension
• Nominal Tension Stress Ft of a bolt subjected to combined
factored shear stress (fv =Vu/NbAb) and factored tension stress (ft
= Tu/NbAb) can be computed as functions of fv as:
Fnt
  1.3Fnt 
Fnt f v  Fnt
 Fnv
•  = 0.75
• F’nt = nominal tensile strength modified to include the effect of shear
• Fnt = nominal tensile strength from Table J3.2 in (AISC Spec.)
• Fnv = nominal shear strength from Table J3.2 in (AISC Spec.)
• fv = the required shear stress
Bolt Type Fnt (MPa)
A325 620
A490 780
 Ex. 6.5 – Combined Tension & shear
Is the bearing-type connection below satisfactory for the
combined tension and shear loads shown?
Shear stress per bolt: fv = Vu/NbAb=537000/(8x380)= 176.6 MPa
Fnv=(0.75)(413)=310 MPa> fv = 176.6 MPa (OK)
1200 kN 537 kN
Tension stress per bolt:
1073 kN 1
ft = Tu/NbAb=1073000/(8x380)= 353 MPa
2
Nominal Tension Strength Ft (Table J3.5)
Ft = 0.75[(1.3x620 – (620/310)x176.6) ≤ 620]
Eight 22 mm = 496 MPa ≤ 620]
A325X bolts = 496 MPa > ft = 353 MPa (OK)
Slip-critical Bolted Connections
 High strength (A325 and A490) bolts can be installed with
such a degree of tightness that they are subject to large
tensile forces.
 These large tensile forces in the bolt clamp the connected
plates together. The shear force applied to such a
tightened connection will be resisted by friction as shown in
the Figure below.

Tightened
Slip-critical Bolted Connections
N =Tb

N =Tb
P
N =Tb
F=mN Tb

F=mN
N =Tb
Tb

P N = Tb

N = Tb
Slip-critical Bolted Connections
 Thus, slip-critical bolted connections can be designed to
resist the applied shear forces using friction. If the
applied shear force is less than the friction that develops
between the two surfaces, then no slip will occur between
them.

 However, slip will occur when the friction force is less

than the applied shear force. After slip occurs, the
connection will behave similar to the bearing-type bolted
connections designed earlier.

 Table J3.1 summarizes the minimum bolt tension that

must be applied to develop a slip-critical connection.

68402/61420 Slide # 79
Slip-Critical Connections
Loads to be transferred  Frictional
Resistance (tension force in bolt x
coefficient of friction m)  No slippage
between members
 No bearing and shear stresses in bolt

LRFD J3.10 requires bearing strength to be checked for both

Bearing-Type connections and Slip-Critical connections
(even though there is supposed to be little or no bearing
stresses on the bolts in Slip-Critical connections)
Slip-critical Bolted Connections
 The shear resistance of fully tensioned bolts to slip at
factored loads & service loads is given by AISC
Specification J3.8
Shear resistance at factored load = Rn = (1.13 mhscTb Ns)
 - 0.85 for factored loads & 1.00 for service loads
m - friction coefficient
Tb - minimum bolt tension given in Table J3.1
hsc – hole factor determined as:
For standrad size holes hsc = 1.0
For oversized and short-slotted holes hsc = 0.85
For long-slotted holes hsc = 0.7
Ns - number of slip planes
Slip-Critical Connections
Slip Coefficients (LRFD J3.8)
Surface m

Class A (unpainted clean mill scale or 0.35

surfaces with class A coating on blast-
cleaned steel) 0.50
Class B (unpainted blast-cleaned surfaces
or surfaces with Class B coating on blast-
cleaned steel
Slip-critical Bolted Connections
• When the applied shear force exceeds the Rn value stated above,
slip will occur in the connection.

 The final strength of the connection will depend on the

shear strength of the bolts and on the bearing strength of
the bolts. This is the same strength as that of a bearing
type connection.
 Slip critical connections shall still be checked as bearing
type in case slip occurs as a result of overload.
Ex. 6.2 - Slip-critical Connections
 Design a slip-critical splice for a tension member
subjected to 600 kN of tension loading. The tension
member is a W8 x 28 section made from A36 material.
The unfactored dead load is equal to 100 kN and the
unfactored live load is equal to 300 kN. Use A325 bolts.
The splice should be slip-critical at service loads.
Ex. 6.2 - Slip-critical Connections
 Step I. Service and factored loads
• Service Load = D + L = 400 kN.
• Factored design load = 1.2 D + 1.6 L = 600 kN
• Tension member is W8 x 28 section made from A36 steel. The
tension splice must be slip critical (i.e., it must not slip) at service
loads.

 Step II. Slip-critical splice connection (service load)

• Rn of one fully-tensioned slip-critical bolt = (1.13 mhscTb Ns)
(See Spec. J3.8)
Ex. 6.2 - Slip-critical Connections
• Assume db = 20 mm.
• Rn of one bolt = 1.0 x 1.13 x 0.35 x 1.0x142x1 = 56.2 kN
• Note, Tb = 142 kN from Table J3.1M
• Rn of n bolts = 56.2 x n > 400 kN (splice must be slip-critical at
service)
• Therefore, n > 7.12
Ex. 6.2 - Slip-critical Connections
 Step III. Layout of splice connection
• Flange-plate splice connection
Splice plate

W8 x 28 W8 x 28

Splice plate

C.L.
Ex. 6.2 - Slip-critical Connections
• To be symmetric about the centerline, need the number of bolts to
be a multiple of 8.
• Therefore, choose 16 fully tensioned 20 mm A325 bolts with layout
as shown above.
• Minimum edge distance (Le) = 34 mm from Table J3.4M
• Design edge distance Le = 40 mm.
• Minimum spacing = s = (2+2/3) db = 2.67 x 20 = 53.4 mm.
(Spec. J3.3)
• Preferred spacing = s = 3.0 db = 3.0 x 20 = 60 mm (Spec. J3.3)
• Design s = 60 mm.
• Assume 10 mm thick splice plate
Ex. 6.2 - Slip-critical Connections
 Step IV. Connection strength at factored loads
• The splice connection should be designed as a normal
shear/bearing connection beyond this point for the factored load of
600 kN.
• Shear strength of a bolt = 77.8 kN (see Example 7.1)
• The shear strength of bolts = 77.8 kN/bolt x 8 = 622.4 kN
• Bearing strength of 20 mm bolts at edge holes (Le = 30 mm) = 69.1
kN (see Example 7.1)
• Bearing strength of 20 mm bolts at non-edge holes (s = 60 mm) =
138.2 kN (see Example 7.1)
• Bearing strength of bolt holes in flanges of wide flange section
• = 4 x 69.1 + 4 x 138.2 = 829.2 kN > 600 kN OK
 Ex. 6.2 - Slip-critical Connections
 Step V. Design the splice plate
• Tension yielding: 0.9 Ag Fy > 300 kN; Therefore, Ag > 1344 mm2
• Tension fracture: 0.75 An Fu > 300 kN
• Therefore, An =Ag - 2 x (20 +3.2) x 10 > 1000 mm2
• Beam flange width = 166 mm
• Assume plate width 160 mm x 10 mm which has Ag = 1660 mm2
 Step VI. Check member strength
• Student on his/her own.

68402/61420 Slide # 90
Ultimate Strength Analysis of
Eccentric Bolted Connections
 Experimental study by Crawford and Kulak (1971) showed:
F

- The load-deformation relationship

of any bolt is non-linear

AISC Manual Part 7

Ultimate Strength Analysis of
Eccentric Bolted Connections
 The following conclusions were also shown:
F
 Failure rotation does not happen around the elastic center but
around an instantaneous centre (IC)
 The IC does not coincide with the EC
e  The deformation of each bolt is proportional to its distance from
the IC
 Similar to the elastic analysis, the connection capacity is
governed by the force in the farthest bolt

ri
EC
M
≡ IC
F
e
e
 Ultimate Strength Analysis of
Eccentric Bolted Connections
M Fe
ri
Measured at the elastic centroid EC
rb
b   max IC
rmax F
e
Experimentally  8.6 mm e
 At failure
n

F x
 zero ≡ R
i 1
xi  Fx Eqn (1)
n

F y
 zero ≡ R
i 1
yi  Fy Eqn (2)
n

M IC
 zero ≡  Rni .rni  F ( e  e ) Eqn (3)
i 1
68402/61420 Slide # 93
Ultimate Strength Analysis of
Eccentric Bolted Connections
ri
EC
IC
F
e
e
 Therefore, getting the maximum force in the farthest bolt requires
determining the unknown “e´”

 Because of the non-linear relationship, e´ can be determined by trial

and error

 A spreadsheet can be used to determine e´

 Forces on Eccentrically-Loaded Bolts
with Eccentricity on the Faying Surface
 Ultimate Strength Method (Instantaneous Center of
Rotation Method)

Pu
R = Rult(1 – e-0.394)0.55
e’ e
R = Nominal shear strength of 1 bolt at a deformation , k
Rult= Ultimate shear strength of 1 bolt, kN
1 R1 2
 = Total deformation, including shear, bearing and
d1 d2 R2 bending deformation in the bolt and bearing
IC CG deformation of the connected elements, in. (max = 8.6
mm for 20 mm ASTM A325 bolt)
d4
3 d3 4 1/d1 = 2/d2 = … = max/dmax

R3 R4 e = 2.718…base of the natural logarithm

Ultimate Strength Method (Instantaneous
Center of Rotation Method)
 Trial and error:
• Assume e’
• Compute i = dimax/dmax (max is assumed for bolt at farthest
distance from IC) r
b   max
•
b
Compute Ri=Rult(1- e-0.394i)0.55 rmax
• Check for: Pu=( Rd)/(e’+e)
Rb  Rult (1  e  m b )
• If not satisfied, repeat with another e’

68402/61420 Slide # 96
Ex. 6.4 – Eccentric Connections –
Ultimate Method
Determine the largest eccentric force Pu for which the design
shear strength of the bolts in the connection is adequate using
the IC method. Use bearing-type 20 mm A325X bolts
e = 100 Pu
e’=60 mm mm - Design shear strength per bolt (Ex. 7-1)
Ru =  Rn= 77.8 kN
1 R1 2
d1 75 -After several trials, assume e’= 60 mm.
d2 R2 mm Bolts 2 and 4 are furthest from the IC,
IC CG therefore 2 = 4 = max = 8.6 mm
75
d4
d3 mm - Compute i and Ri in tabulated form:
3 4

R3 R4
75 mm
 Ex. 6.4 – Eccentric Connections –
Ultimate Method
Bolt h v  Rd
d (mm) R (kN) Ry (kN)
# (mm) (mm) (mm) (kN.mm)
1 22.5 75 78.3 5.47 72.7 20.9 5692

2 97.5 75 123 8.6 77.8 61.67 7585

3 22.5 75 78.3 5.47 72.7 20.9 5692

4 97.5 75 123 8.6 77.8 61.67 7585

=
 = 26554
165.14

Check:
Pu= (Rd)/(e’+e) = (26554/(60+100))
= 166 kN ~ Ry = 165.14 kN (OK)