GSM-To-UMTS Training Series 01 - Principles of The WCDMA System V1.0

Internal
Principles of the WCDMA

System
GSM-to-UMTS Training Series_V1.0

www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

Date Version Description Author
2008-10-25 1.0 Draft Completed. Zang Liang
2008-12-31 1.1 Updated the access technology in the latest products in Dong Qihuan
page 8.
Added the comparison of frequency computation
between the GSM and the WCDMA in page 13.
Added the comparison of encoding process in page 27.
Added explanations about closed loop power control in
page 66.
Added explanations about handover in page 79.
2009-01-14 1.11 Added information about EGSM/RGEM frequency Kuang Jun
bands in page 10.
Added handover modes and interference modes to the
major differences between the GSM and the UMTS in
page 11.
Added the method of computing frequencies at the
EGSM/RGEM frequency bands in page 13.
Added association control channels in page 47.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 2

Objectives
 After studying this course, you will be able to:
 Know the similarities and differences between

the GSM and the WCDMA technologies.
 Master the basic principles of the CDMA
technology.
 Master the structure and radio interfaces of the
WCDMA system.
 Master the principle of WCDMA radio resource
management.
 Know technical features of the WCDMA FDD.

Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction: GSM and WCDMA

Chapter 2 Overview of CDMA Principles
Chapter 3 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical
Channel
Chapter 4 Overview of Radio Resource
Management
Chapter 5 Technical Features of WCDMA
FDD

Evolution from GSM to WCDMA
Mainly designed for the speech service
GSM Theoretical rate/actual rate: 64 kbit/s/9.6 kbit/s
Supports higher data rates through the introduction of

packet channels
GPRS Theoretical rate/actual rate: 171.2 kbit/s/20 kbit/s-40
kbit/s
With the introduction of new modulation mode, the

theoretical rate is three times higher than that of the GPRS
EDGE Theoretical rate/actual rate: about 473.6 kbit/s/100 kbit/s
Has the capability of high-speed data access and

provide various services
WCDMA Theoretical rate/actual rate:
R99 and R4: 2 Mbit/s/384 kbit/s
R5 (HSDPA): 14.4 Mbit/s/1 Mbit/s higher

Multiple Access Technology - Distinguish Different
Users
FDMA
Power
CDMA
TDMA Power
Power

Comparison of Multiple Access Technology
Between the GSM and the WCDMA
GSM: FDMA + TDMA WCDMA: FDMA + CDMA
Bandwidth of a single carrier: 200 kHz Bandwidth of a single carrier: 5 MHz

Weak anti-interference capability. C/I: > Strong anti-interference capability. C/I: > -8
9 dB dB
With eight timeslots for a single carrier, The capacity is not fixed (soft capacity),
the system capacity is relatively closely related to user distribution, service
fixed. It can be estimated according to type, and interference.
the timeslot quantity. Users interfere with each other. They must
Since different users occupy different be well controlled.
timeslots, they rarely interfere with each
other.

Comparison of Radio Access Technology
Between the GSM and the WCDMA
GSM WCDMA
AMR: eight types of speech rates
FR: RPE－LTP coding, 13 kbit/s Compatible with the coding of current main-
EFR: enhancing the voice quality, 13 stream mobile communication systems, helpful
kbit/s for designing multimode terminals
Source coding
HR: increasing the system capacity, 6.5 Provided with the traffic-adaptive capability:
kbit/s able to automatically adjust the speech rate so
AMR coding that the system can balance between the
coverage, capacity, and speech quality
Speech service: convolutional code (1/2 and
Channel coding Convolutional code (1/2) 1/3)
High-speed data service: Turbo code
Packed in the pulse mode, data is sent Through spread spectrum and scrambling,
Channelization
out in different timeslots. data is combined and outputted.
Modulation
GMSK, 8PSK (EDGE) QPSK, 16QAM (HSDPA)
technology
Power control Fast power control (1500 Hz): used to
Slow power control (2 Hz)
technology restrain fading
Transmit diversity Transmit diversity (BTS3012) Transmit diversity
Space diversity and polarization diversity
Receiving
The effect similar to that of the Space diversity and polarization diversity
technology (anti-
frequency diversity can be realized Frequency diversity: rake receiver
fading)
through frequency hopping.

Comparison Between GSM and WCDMA
Network Interfaces
GSM NSS WCDMA Core Network
A Gb Iu－CS Iu－PS
Iu
BSS RNS RNS

Iur
BSC RNC RNC
Abis Abis Iub Iub Iub Iub
BTS BTS Node B Node B Node B Node B
Sector = Cell. One cell can One sector can include multiple cells. Cell = Carrier
include multiple carriers.

Comparison Between GSM and WCDMA Protocols
GSM WCDMA
L3: BSSAP L3: RANAP
A/Iu-CS L2: MTP L2: ATM
L1: E1 L1: E1 or STM－1
L3: BTSM L3: NBAP
Abis/Iub L2: LAPD L2: ATM
L1: E1 L1: E1 or STM－1
L3: RR RRC
L2 (data link layer): LAPDm L2 (data link layer): RLC/MAC
L1 (radio frequency band) (MHz):
Major frequency band: 1920-1980 / 2110-2170
Radio
L1 (radio frequency band) (MHz): Supplementary frequency band: 1710-
interface
890-915/935-960 1785/1805-1880
1710-1785/1805-1880 (In China, only 30 MHz in the high frequency
band serves as a supplementary frequency
band.)

Major Differences Between WCDMA and GSM
Air Interfaces
GSM WCDMA
Carrier spacing 200 kHz 5 MHz

Frequency reuse
1-18 1
coefficient
Method for
Frequency + BSIC Frequency + Scrambling code
differentiating cells
Power control
2 Hz or lower 1500 Hz
frequency
Network planning (frequency Algorithm of radio resource
QoS control
planning) management
The 3.84-MHz bandwidth enables
Frequency diversity Frequency hopping the network to use the rake
receiver for multipath diversity
Timeslot-based scheduling in the
Packet data Packet scheduling based on loads
GPRS
Downlink transmit Not supported by the standards Supported for increasing the
diversity but applicable capacity of downlinks

Allocation of 3G Spectrum
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250
2010 MHz
ITU IMT 2000 MSS

IMT 2000 MSS
1885 MHz 2025 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz
Europe GSM 1800 DECT UMTS MSS UMTS MSS
1805 MHz 1880 MHz 1980 MHz
cellular(1) cellular(2) cellular(2) 2025 MHz
GSM FDD TDD FDD

China 1800
CDMA
WLL WLL
CDMA
WLL
1920
1945
1960
1980
1865
1885
1918
1895
2170 MHz
Japan C PHS IMT A2000 MSS

B IMT A.2000 MSS
1965
1945
1975
1970
1865
1870
1885
1890
1930
1895
1910
1990 MHz 2165 MHz

PCS
USA A D B EF C A D B EF C MSS Broadcast auxiliary Reserve MSS
1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

Comparison of Frequency Computation
Between the WCDMA and the GSM
Computing WCDMA Computing GSM

frequencies frequencies
 Main working bands:  GSM900:
1920－1980 MHz/2110－2170 MHz BS reception: f1 (n) = 890 + n x 0.2
Formula for computing WCDMA MHz
frequencies: BS transmission: f2 (n) = f1 (n) + 45
Frequency number = Frequency x 5 MHz
Central frequency number of uplink:
9612－9888  GSM1800:
Central frequency number of BS reception: f1 (n) = 1710 + (n -
downlink: 10562－10838 511) x 0.2 MHz
 Supplementary working bands: BS transmission: f2 (n) = f1 (n) + 95
1755－1785 MHz/1850－1880 MHz MHz
The currently existing GSM
frequency bands of China Mobile
and China Union can be used for the
WCDMA later.

Contents

Channel
Management
FDD

Overview of CDMA Principles
 Radio Propagation Environment
 Multiple Access Technology and

Duplex Technology
 CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver

Multipath Environment
Tx signals
Rx signals
Intensity
Time

Fading
Tx data
Rx data
0
-5
-10
-15
dB
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40

Fading
Rx power (dBm)
-20 Fast fading

Slow fading
-40
-60
Distance (m)
10 20 30

Frequency-Selective Fading
Intensity Intensity
Narrowband Large fading

system
(GSM)
Frequency Frequency
Tx signals Rx fading signals
Intensity Intensity
Large
Broadband fading
system
Frequency Frequency
(CDMA)
Tx signals Rx fading signals

Classification of Typical Radio Mobile Channels
 Static channels (static)
 Pedestrian channels in typical urban areas (TU3)
 Vehicle-mounted channels in typical urban areas (TU30)
 Vehicle-mounted channels in rural areas (RA50)
 Vehicle-mounted channels on expressways (HT120)


Duplex Technology

Duplex Technology – Distinguish User’s UL and
DL Signal
 Frequency division duplex (FDD): Distinguish uplink and downlink according to
frequencies.
 Adopted by the WCDMA and CDMA2000
 Advantage: It can be easily implemented.
 Disadvantage: The spectrum utilization is low when the uplink and downlink services
(mainly the data services) are asymmetrical.
 Time division duplex (TDD): Distinguish uplink and downlink according to timeslots.
 Adopted by the TD-SCDMA
 Advantage: The uplink and downlink can be allocated with different numbers of timeslots
when the uplink and downlink services are asymmetrical. Therefore, the spectrum
utilization is high.
 Disadvantage:
− It cannot be easily implemented and needs precise synchronization. In the CDMA
system, GPS synchronization is needed.
− When it is used with the CDMA technology, it is difficult to control interference
between the uplink and the downlink.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
 Multiple users share a same frequency at the same time. This greatly
improves spectrum utilization. Users are identified through pseudo
numbers.
 The CDMA system supports soft capacity.
 For all the users, the system performance deteriorates when the number of
users increases. Contrarily, the system performance improves when the number
of users decreases.
 That is, the CDMA system can obtain larger capacity by deteriorating parts of
the system performance.
 Disadvantages of the CDMA system:
 It occupies a wide bandwidth.
 It is a self-interference system. This causes mutual interference between users.
 It is difficult to implement such technologies as power control and load control.


Duplex Technology

Common Terms
 Bit, symbol and chip
 Bit (bit/s): the data that is obtained upon source coding and contains
information.
 Symbol (sps): the data obtained upon channel coding and interleaving.
 Chip (cps): the data obtained upon final spreading.
− The spreading rate of WCDMA is: 3.84 Mcps
 Processing gain
 It refers to the ratio of the final spreading rate to the bit rate (cps/bit/s).
 In the WCDMA system, the processing gain depends on the specific
service.

Spreading Factor and Service Rate
 Symbol rate = (service rate + check code) × channel code
×repetition or punching rate
 For WCDMA, if the service rate is 384 Kbit/s and the channel code is
1/3 Turbo, the symbol rate is 960 Kbit/s.
 For CDMA2000-1x, if the service rate is 9.6 Kbit/s and the channel
code is 1/3 convolutional code, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbit/s.
 Chip rate = symbol rate  spreading factor
 For WCDMA, if the chip rate is 3.84 MHz and the spreading factor is
4, the symbol rate is 960 Kbit/s.
 For CDMA2000-1x, if the chip rate is 1.2288 MHz and the spreading
factor is 64, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbit/s.

Basic Block Diagram of CDMA System
Channel
Source coding
Interleaving RF
Spreading Scrambling Modulation
coding and emission
interleaving
Radio channel
De-
deinterleaving
interleaving RF
Source De-spreading Descrambling Demodulation
decoding Channel reception
decoding

Source Coding in WCDMA
 The WCDMA system adopts the adaptive multi-rate (AMR) speech coding.
 A total of eight coding modes are available. The coding rate ranges from 12.2
Kbit/s to 4.75 Kbit/s.
 Multiple voice rates are compatible with the coding modes used by current
mainstream mobile communication systems. This facilitates the design of multi-
mode terminals.
 The system automatically adjusts the voice rate according to the distance
between the user and the NodeB, thus reducing the number of handovers and
call drop.
 The system automatically decreases the voice rate of some users according to
the cell load, thus saving power and containing more users.
Source Channel RF
coding Interleaving
coding and Spreading Scrambling Modulation
interleaving
emission

Channel Coding in WCDMA
 Channel coding can enhance symbol correlation to recover signals in

the case of interference.
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
 Code type
 Voice service: convolutional code (1/2 and 1/3).

 Data service: Turbo code (1/3).
Source Channel RF
Interleaving
coding interleaving emission

Interleaving
 Interleaving is used to disarrange symbol correlation and reduce the impact
caused by fast fading and interference of the channel.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... ... 452 453 454 ……
Ist interleaving
A4 A5 A6 A7 B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C0 C1 C2 C3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
.... . . . . . . . . ....
. . . . . . . .
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456
2nd interleaving
{A4,B0} {A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0} {B5,C1} {B6,C2} {B7,C3}

Spreading Principle
 Users who need to send information: UE1, UE2 and UE3
 UE1 uses c1 for spreading: UE1 x c1

 c1, c2 and c3 are orthogonal to each other
 Information sent: UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3
Source Channel RF
Interleaving
coding emission
interleaving

De-spreading Principle
 UE1 uses c1 for de-spreading.

 (UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3) x c1
= UE1 x (c1 x c1) + UE2 x (c2 x c1) + UE3 x (c3 x c1)
= UE1 x 1 + UE2 x 0 + UE3 x 0
= UE1
 In the same way, UE2 uses c2 for de-spreading and UE3

uses c3 for de-spreading to get their own signals.

Spreading and De-spreading (DS-CDMA)
Symbol
1
Data
-1
Chip
Spreading
1
Spreading code
-1
Spreading signal 1
= Data x Code word
-1
De-
spreading
1
Spreading code
-1
Data 1
= Spreading signal x
-1
Code word

Spreading Principle
____________
UE1: ＋1 －1 1
_____________
UE2: －1 ＋1
c1: ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1
c2: ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1
UE1×c1: ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1
UE2×c2: －1 －1 －1 －1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1 ＋1
UE1×c1＋ UE2×c2: 0 －2 0 －2 0 ＋2 0 ＋2

De-spreading Principle
UE1×c1＋ UE2×c2： 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
UE1 de-spreading with c1: +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1
De-spreading result: 0 +2 0 +2 0 -2 0 -2
Integral: +4 -4
Decision: +4/4 = +1 -4/4 = -1
UE2 de-spreading with c2: +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

De-spreading result: 0 -2 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2
Integral: -4 +4
Decision : -4/4 = -1 +4/4 = +1
Question: How to generate those orthogonal codes like c1

and c2?

If error codes occur in the propagation process
UE1 × c1 + UE2 × c2: 0 －2 0 －2 0 ＋2 0 ＋2

UE1 × c1 + UE2 × c2 error code: 2 －2 0 －2 1 ＋2 0 ＋2
UE1 uses c1 for de-spreading: c1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1

De-spreading result: 2 ＋2 0 ＋2 0 －2 0 －2
Integral detection: ＋6 －4
Normalization: +6/4=1.5 - 4/4= -1
UE1 uses c2 for de-spreading: c2 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1 ＋1 －1

De-spreading result: 2 －2 0 －2 0 ＋2 0 ＋2
Integral detection: －2 ＋4
Normalization: －2/4=－0.5 ＋4/4=1

OVSF and Walsh
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
OVSF codes (Walsh) are completely orthogonal and

their mutual correlation is zero.

Use of OVSF Code
 Over downlink channels, OVSF codes are used to differentiate users.
 Over uplink channels, OVSF codes are used to differentiate the services
of a user.
Typical Service Data Rate (bit/s) Downlink SF Uplink SF
AMR 12.2 + 3.4 128 64

Modem 28.8 kbit/s 28.8 + 3.4 64 32
12.2 kbit/s AMR and 64 kbit/s
12.2 + 64 + 3.4 32 16
packet data
12.2 + 144 + 3.4 16 8
packet data
12.2+384+3.4 8 4
packet data

Scrambling in the WCDMA System
 Downlink: Different cells (sector carrier frequencies) have different
downlink scrambling codes.
 Each cell is configured with a unique downlink scrambling code. The UE
identifies a cell based on the scrambling code.
 OVSF codes are used to differentiate different users in a cell.
 Uplink: Scrambles are used to differentiate different users.

 In a cell, each user is configured with a unique uplink scrambling code.
 OVSF codes are used to differentiate the services of a user.
Source Channel RF
Interleaving
coding emission
interleaving

WCDMA Scrambling Code: Gold Sequence
 Over downlink channels, OVSF codes are used to differentiate

users.
 There are 224 uplink long scrambling codes and 224 uplink short
scrambling codes.
 Over downlink channels, scrambling codes are used to differentiate

cells (sectors/carriers).
 There are (218 - 1 = ) 262143 scrambling codes on the downlink.

Currently, however, only the primary scrambling codes in the
scrambling codes from No.0 to No.8191 are used.
 A scrambling code is repeated every 10 ms. It is 38400 chips long.

Primary and Secondary Scrambling Codes
Primary
scrambling code 0
Secondary
scrambling code 1
…
scrambling code
Set 0
Secondary
Downlink
scrambling code 15
Set 1
…
Primary scrambling
code 511×16
Set 511
Secondary scrambling
code 511×16＋1
Each set contains 1
… primary scrambling
code and 15
8192 scrambling 512 sets Secondary scrambling secondary
codes code 511×16＋15 scrambling codes.
Currently, the system mainly uses primary

scrambling codes.

Primary Scrambling Codes and Scrambling Code
Groups Primary scrambling
code 0
Primary
scrambling code 1
…
scrambling code
Group 0
Primary
Downlink
scrambling code 7
Group 1
…
Primary scrambling
code 504 Each group
Group 63 contains eight
Primary scrambling scrambling
code 505 codes, one of
… which is the
primary
512 scrambling 64 groups Primary scrambling scrambling code.
codes code 511
Scrambling code planning in the network planning is

to plan and allocate the 512 primary scrambling codes.

Spreading/De-spreading Principle —
Explanations for Frequency Domain
Eb/No = Ec/Io × Gain
Power spectrum
a2Tbit = Ebit
Eb/No
required
Allowed maximum interference level
Gain Power sharable for all

users
Other user
interference signals
Echip

Spectrum Change in CDMA
Spreading code P(f)

P(f)
f
Broadband signal P (f)
f
Narrowband signal
f
Noise
Separation of
signals and noise
P (f)
Signal Noise + broadband signal
combination
P (f)
f
Spreading code f
The CDMA broadband spreading technology

effectively avoids frequency-selective fading of radio channels.

Rake Receiver
Receiving path 1
Receiving path 2 Signal synthesizer Consolidate

Front-end receiver signals
Receiving path 3
Compute delay and

Delay estimator
phase deflection
s(t) s(t)
t t

Contents

Channel
Management
FDD

Mapping of Channel Function Between the
GSM and the WCDMA
GSM WCDMA
FCCH: frequency correction channel (P－)CPICH: (Primary) common pilot channel
SCH: synchronization channel, but has different
Cell SCH: synchronization channel
functions from that in the GSM system
search
P-CCPCH: primary common control physical
BCCH: broadcast control channel
channel
PICH: page indicator channel, helpful for power
saving on a terminal
Paging PCH: paging channel
S-CCPCH: secondary common control physical
channel
Uplink: RACH: random access channel
SDCCH: stand-alone dedicated Uplink: PRACH: physical random access channel
control channel
Access Downlink: AGCH: access grant channel
Downlink: AICH: acquisition indication channel
SDCCH: stand-
S-CCPCH: secondary common control
alone dedicated control
physical channel
channel
Speech DPDCH: dedicated physical data control channel
TCH: traffic channel
service DPDCH: dedicated physical data control channel
HS-PDSCH: high-speed physical downlink shared
Data channel
PDCH: packet data channel
service HS-SCCH: high-speed shared control channel
HS-DPCCH: high-speed dedicated control channel
Classification of WCDMA Channels
 In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three
channels:
 Logical channel: Carrying user services directly
− According to the types of the carried services, it is divided into two types:
control channel and service channel.
 Transport channel : Provided service for MAC layer by the physical

layer
− According to whether the information transported is dedicated
information for a user or common information for all users, it is divided
into dedicated channel and common channel.
 Physical channel: It is the final form of all kinds of information when

they are transmitted on radio interfaces.

Logical Channels
Broadcast Control Channel （BCCH）

Paging control channel (PCCH)
Dedicate control channel (DCCH) CCH
Common control channel (CCCH)
Dedicated traffic channel (DTCH)

TCH
Common traffic channel (CTCH)

Transport Channels
Dedicated Channel (DCH)

Dedicated transport
-DCH can be uplink or downlink channel
channel
Broadcast channel (BCH)

Forward access channel (FACH) Common transport
Paging channel (PCH) channel
Random access channel (RACH)

Physical Channels
 Physical channels are divided into uplink and down physical channels.
 A physical channel can be determined by a carrier, codes (channel code and

scrambling code), and a phase. Most channels consist of radio frames and
timeslots. Each radio frame has 10 ms and consists of 15 timeslots.
Data Data
T timeslot = 2560 chips

The timeslot concept
in the WCDMA system
differs greatly from
that in the GSM
system.
Timeslot 0 Timeslot 1 Timeslot i Timeslot 14
T = 10 ms, 38400 chips

Uplink Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel
Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel

(Uplink DPDCH)
Uplink Dedicated Physical Control

Channel (uplink DPCCH)
Uplink Physical
Channel
Uplink Common Physical Channel

Physical Random Access Channel
(PRACH)

Downlink Physical Channel
Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel

(downlink DPCH)
Downlink Common Physical Channel

Downlink Physical
Common Control Physical Channel
Channel
(CCPCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

Configuration Example of Downlink Physical Channel
SCH 0,1 Synchronization

channel (SCH)
SF 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┏━●C(256,0):PCPICH 2 Pilot channel (PICH)
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┏ 0 ┫
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃　　　┗━●C(256,1):PCCPCH 3 Used to bear broadcast
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┏ 0 ┫ channels (BCHs)
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃　　　┃　　　┏━●C(256,2): AICH 6
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃　　　┗ 1 ┫
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃　　　　　　　┗━●C(256,3): PICH 10
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┏ 0 ┫
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃　　　┗━●C(64,1):SCCPCH 8 Used to bear forward
　　　　　　　　　　　　┏ 0 ┫
access channels
　　　　　　　　　　　　┃　　　┃　　　┏━●C(64,2):SCCPCH 9
　　　　　　　　　　　　┃　　　┗ 1 ┫
(FACHs) and paging
　　　　　　　　　　　　┃　　　　　　　┗━○3 channels (PCHs)
　　　　　　　　┏ 0 ┫
　　　　　　　　┃　　　┗━○1
Allocated to dedicated
　　　　┏ 0 ┫
　　　　┃　　　┗━○1
physical channels
┃ (DPCHs) in real time
　　　┗━○1
　　　┏━○2
┃
　　　　┗━○3

Functions of Physical Channels
Cell broadcast channel (CBCH)
P-CPICH: primary common pilot channel
S-CPICH: secondary common pilot channel
P-CCPCH: primary common control physical channel

SCH: synchronization channel
Paging channel (PCH)

S-CCPCH: secondary common control physical channel
PICH: paging indicator channel
Random access channel (RACH)

User equipment
PRACH: physical random access channel (UE)
NodeB (BS) AICH: acquisition indication channel
Dedicated access channel

DPDCH: dedicated physical data channel
DPCCH: dedicated physical control channel
High-speed downlink shared channel

HS-SCCH: high-speed shared control channel
HS-PDSCH: high-speed physical downlink shared channel
HS-DPCCH: high-speed dedicated control channel

Functions of Common Physical Channels
 SCH: used for cell search

 Divided into P-SCH and S-SCH
 CPICH: used to identify scrambling codes
 Divided into P-CPICH and S-CPICH
− P-CPICH: Their channel codes are fixed to be Cch,256,0. They
use primary scrambling codes.
− P-CPICH is the power benchmark of other physical downlink
channels. S-CPICH: used for smart antennas
 P-CCPCH: used to carry system messages
 channel codes are fixed to be Cch,256,1.
 Each cell must be configured with all these channels, but only
one for each type.

Functions of Common Physical Channels
 S-CCPCH: used to carry downlink signaling messages
 PICH: used to carry paging indicators. A PICH must be configured

with an S-CCPCH as a pair.
 PRACH: used to carry uplink signaling messages
 The interval for timeslot access is 5120 chips, indicating that the
maximum coverage radius of a WCDMA BS is 200 km.
 AICH: used to carry acquisition indications of PRACH prefix. An

AICH must be configured with a PRACH as a pair.
 Each cell must be configured with all these channels, at least

one for each type.

Functions of Dedicated Physical Channels
 DPDCH: used to carry users' service data. The maximum data rate of a
single code channel is 384 kbit/s.
 DPCCH: used to carry control information, and provide control data

such as demodulation and power control for DPDCHs
 On the uplink, DPDCHs and DPCCHs transmit signals over different

code channels. On the downlink, DPDCHs and DPCCHs transmit
signals in the mode of time multiplexing.
 When the required data rate is higher than the maximum data rate of a
single code channel, the system can use multiple code channels for
transmission.
 Maximum uplink data rate: 384 kbit/s x 6 code channels
 Maximum downlink data rate: 384 kbit/s x 7 code channels

Mapping Between Logical Channels and
Transport Channels
Logical Channels Transport Channels

CCCH (uplink) RACH
DCCH/DTCH (uplink) RACH
DCH
BCCH (downlink) BCH
PCCH (downlink) PCH
CCCH/CTCH (downlink) FACH
DCCH/DTCH (downlink) DCH
FACH
DTCH (downlink) HS-DSCH

Mapping Between Transport Channels and
Physical Channels
Transport Channels Physical Channels
DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
RACH Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
BCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
FACH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
PCH
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
HS-DSCH High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-

PDSCH)
HS-DSCH-related Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (uplink) for Hs-DSCH
HS-DPCCH

Contents

Channel
Management
FDD

Overview of Radio Resource Management
 RRM－Radio Resource Management
 Since the WCDMA system is a self-interference system, the use of

power is incompatible in WCDMA system.
 On one hand, increasing the Tx power for a user can improve the
quality of service (QoS) of this user.
 On the other hand, as WCDMA is self interference system, power
enhancement will interfere other user and make the reception
quality worse. .
 Power is a final radio resource. The only way to make radio resources
utility is to strictly control the use of power.
 The RRM is to manage the power by combining QoS objectives.

Purposes of RRM
 The RRM is intended to:
Ensure the QoS requested by the CN

Enhance the system coverage
Improve the system capacity

Tasks of RRM
 Channel configuration: To ensure the QoS requested by the CN, the
RRM maps the QoS into some features of the access stratum and thus
uses the resources at the access stratum to serve the local connection.
 Power control: When the QoS requested by the CN is ensured, the RRM
minimizes the Tx power of a UE to reduce the interference of this UE to
the entire system, and to improve the system capacity and coverage.
 Mobility management: The RRM maintains the QoS when a UE moves.
 Load control: After a certain number of UEs access to the system, the
RRM must ensure that the load of the entire system retains at a stable
level to ensure the QoS of each connection in the system.
QoS assurance and power saving run through the entire RRM.

Power Control—Near-Far Effect
 The CDMA has not been put into commercial use in a large scale
since it was put forward. That is because it cannot overcome the
near-far effect.
All other signals are

One UE can overwhelmed by the signals
congest an entire of a UE closest to the BS.
cell Communications fail.

Purpose and Classification of Power Control
 Owing to the near-far effect, the WCDMA system must introduce power
control. In addition, power control can also bring many other benefits:
 Adjust the transmit power to maintain the uplink and downlink communication
quality.
 Overcome slow and fast fading.
 Reduce network interference and improve the system quality and capacity.
 Power control is classified into:
 Open loop power control

 Closed loop power control
- Uplink and downlink inner loop power control
- Uplink and downlink outer loop power control

Principles of Open Loop Power Control
 Basic principle
 Suppose the coupling loss between the transmit power and the received
power is the same as the interference level between them. Use the previously-
measured received power to determine the initial transmit power.
 If the BS fails to receive the initial transmit power, there is a retransmission
mechanism for improving the power.
 Basic function
To overcome slow fading and path loss
 Major disadvantage
Asymmetry between the wave power of the uplink and downlink channels is not
considered, so accuracy cannot be guaranteed.
 Major application
 Uplink: applied to PRACHs and DPCCHs
 Downlink: applied to DPCCHs

Principles of Open Loop Power Control
Principles of setting initial transmit power
CPICH _ RSCP  CPICH _ Pow  PLDL ............................(1)

X _ EcNo  X _ Pow  PLUL  InterferenceUL ....................(2)
Suppose the uplink and downlink path losses are the same: PLDL  PLUL ....................(3)
 X _ Pow  CPICH _ Pow  CPICH _ RSCP  InterferenceUL  X _ EcNo

Open Loop Power Control over the PRACH
BCH: Transmit power of CPICH

UL interference level
RACH
NodeB UE
The open loop power control is The UE measures the
intended to roughly estimate the received power of the
initial transmit power. It estimates CPICH and
the path loss and interference level calculates the initial
according to measurement results, uplink transmit power.
and thus calculates the initial
transmit power.

One access slot
Acq.
Ind.
AICH access
slots RX at UE
p-a
Pre- Pre-
amble amble Message part
PRACH access
slots TX at UE
p-p p-m
Access process of the PRACH:

A UE transmits a PRACH preamble signal over the PRACH. After a BS
successfully captures the preamble signal, the BS responds with an AI over
the downlink AICH. If the UE receives the AI signal, the UE transmits a
PRACH message. If the UE fails to receive the AI signal at the time point τp-
a, the UE will increase the power and transmit next preamble signal after a
certain time τp-p. The UE will continue such an action over and over until it
receives the AI signals.

Method for setting the transmit power of the first preamble signal over the uplink
PRACH:
Preamble_Initial_Power = PCPICH DL TX power - CPICH_RSCP + UL interference
+ Constant Value
Note: The PCPICH DL TX power, UL Interference, and Constant Value are delivered in system
messages. The CPICH_RSCP is measured by the UE.
In the early stage of network construction, the coverage is limited, so the Constant Value
can be set to a larger value (-16 dB or -15dB).
In this way, the network can receive the preamble signals sent by the UE in time. In
addition, the parameter Power Ramp Step can also be set to a larger value to increase
the network probability of capturing preamble signals.
Default settings:
Constant Value: -20 dB
PowerRampStep: 2 dB
PreambleRetransMax: 20

Open Loop Power Control over the Uplink DPCCH
Method for setting the initial power of the uplink DPCCH:
DPCCH_Initial_power = DPCCH_Power_offset - CPICH_RSCP

Note: The CPICH_RSCP is measured by a UE.
The DPCCH_Power_offset is the offset of the initial transmit power of the DPCCH. The
RNC allocates it to a UE at the beginning of an RRC connection setup. The formula for
computing it is as follows:
DPCCH_Power_offset = Primary CPICH DL TX power + UL Interference

+ Default Constant Value
In the formula,
the Primary CPICH DL TX power is the downlink transmit power of the P-CPICH.
The UL interference is the uplink interference.
The Default Constant Value is the default constant value of the initial transmit power
of the DPCCH.
Understanding
Open Loop Power Control over the Downlink DPCCH
Method for setting the initial power of the downlink DPCCH:
P = (Ec/Io) Req - CPICH_Ec/Io + PCPICH
Note: The (Ec/Io) Req is the required Ec/Io for a UE to correctly receive the dedicated
channel. The CPICH_Ec/Io is the Ec/Io of the CPICH measured by the UE,
and it is reported to the UTRAN through the RACH. The PCPICH is the
transmit power of the CPICH.
Understanding

Uplink Inner Loop Power Control
1500
Measure SIRs of received signals Hz
and compare them
Inner loop
Send TPC bits

Set SIRtar
NodeB UE
The inner loop power control is
intended to ensure equal bit
energy for each UE signal received Each UE has its
at the NodeB. own control loop.

Uplink Inner Loop Power Control
Measure the BLER over
the transport channel
Measure BLERs of
Obtain the service received data and
data with a stable compare them Measure SIRs of received signals
BLER and compare them
Outer loop Inner loop
Set SIRtar
Send TPC bits
Set SIRtar
10-100Hz
RNC
NodeB UE

Downlink Inner Loop Power Control
Measure BLERs Layer 3 of the UE

and compare them
Outer loop
1500 Hz 10-100 Hz
Set SIRtar
Send TPC
Inner loop
Measure SIRs and Physical layer of the UE

compare them
NodeB
Downlink inner loop and outer loop power control

Power Control Application in the WCDMA System
Open Loop Inner Outer No
Physical
Power Closed Closed Power
Channel
Control Loop Loop Control
PRACH √
DPCCH √ √ √
DPDCH √ √
PCPICH √
PCCPCH √
SCCPCH √
AICH √
PICH √

MML Commands Related to Power Control
 MML commands related to open loop power control:

 ADD PRACHBASIC
 SET FRC
 MML commands related to inner loop power control:

 SET FRC
 ADD CELLSETUP
 MML commands related to outer loop power control:

 ADD TYPRABOLPC
 SET OLPC
 MML commands related to power balance:

 SET DPB

Classification of WCDMA Handover
 Soft handover:
 Soft handover
 Softer handover
 Hard handover:
 Intra-frequency hard handover

 Inter-frequency hard handover
 Inter-system handover

Soft Handover
Data
received/
sent by
the UE
Source BS Target BS
The UE moves Time
Data
received/ No “GAP” of communication
sent by
the UE
Source BS Target BS
The UE moves Time

Hard Handover
Data
received/
sent by
the UE
Source BS Target BS
The UE moves Time
Data
received/ “GAP” of communication
sent by
the UE
Source BS Target BS
The UE moves Time

Contents

Channel
Management
FDD

Technical Specifications of WCDMA FDD
BS synchronous mode: supports asynchronous and
synchronous BS operation
Signal bandwidth: 5 MHz; chip rate: 3.84 Mcps
Transmit diversity mode: TSTD, STTD, and FBTD
Channel coding: convolutional code and Turbo code
Modulation mode: QPSK for both the uplink and the downlink
Power control: uplink and downlink closed and open loop
power control
Demodulation mode: coherence demodulation assisted by pilots
Speech coding: AMR

Speech Evolution of the WCDMA System
 Adopts AMR speech coding and supports the voice quality of 4.75
kbit/s to 12.2 kbit/s
 Adopts soft handover and transmit diversity to improve the capacity
 Provides high-fidelity voice modes
 Supports fast power control

Data Evolution of the WCDMA System
 Supports up to 14.4 Mbit/s data services (HSDPA)
 Supports packet switching
 Evolves from the ATM platform to All-IP gradually
 Provides QoS control
 Better supports Internet packet services (HSDPA) through the CPCH

and DSCH.
 Provides mobile IP services (dynamic assignment of IP addresses)
 Determines dynamic data rates provided by the TFCI domain.
 Provides high quality support for symmetric uplink and downlink data
services, including the voice, videophone, and video conference.

Summary
 This course introduces the WCDMA system briefly.
 The course contents include the basic key technologies of

mobile communication systems, basic principles of the
CDMA system, and the FDD mode of the WCDMA system.
 After studying this course, you can have a general
understanding of the 3G system, thus make a good
foundation for further study.

Thank you!
www.huawei.com

GSM-To-UMTS Training Series 01 - Principles of The WCDMA System V1.0

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Principles of the WCDMA

GSM-to-UMTS Training Series_V1.0

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential

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 After studying this course, you will be able to:

 Know the similarities and differences between

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Chapter 1 Introduction: GSM and WCDMA

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Supports higher data rates through the introduction of

With the introduction of new modulation mode, the

Has the capability of high-speed data access and

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GSM: FDMA + TDMA WCDMA: FDMA + CDMA

Bandwidth of a single carrier: 200 kHz Bandwidth of a single carrier: 5 MHz

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BSS RNS RNS

Abis Abis Iub Iub Iub Iub

BTS BTS Node B Node B Node B Node B

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Carrier spacing 200 kHz 5 MHz

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ITU IMT 2000 MSS

1885 MHz 2025 MHz 2110 MHz 2170 MHz

Europe GSM 1800 DECT UMTS MSS UMTS MSS

1805 MHz 1880 MHz 1980 MHz

cellular(1) cellular(2) cellular(2) 2025 MHz

GSM FDD TDD FDD

Japan C PHS IMT A2000 MSS

1990 MHz 2165 MHz

1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250

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Computing WCDMA Computing GSM

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Chapter 1 Introduction: GSM and WCDMA

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 Radio Propagation Environment

 Multiple Access Technology and

 CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver

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-20 Fast fading

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Narrowband Large fading

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 Static channels (static)

 Pedestrian channels in typical urban areas (TU3)

 Vehicle-mounted channels in typical urban areas (TU30)

 Vehicle-mounted channels in rural areas (RA50)

 Vehicle-mounted channels on expressways (HT120)

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 Radio Propagation Environment

 Multiple Access Technology and

 CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver

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 Radio Propagation Environment