Ch10.

Prestressed Concrete Members

（预应力混凝土构件 ） P180
10.1. The Concept of Prestressing（预应力概念）
1.The fundamental principle of prestressed concrete.
Concrete: tu=0.00015, when ct=tu, s=Ess=Esct=30N/mm²
Before acting service load ,
the concrete member is
applied by pre-compress
stress at tension zone(预先对 -
混凝土受拉区施加压应力) --- + +
prestressed concrete -
member.
2.The features of
=

=
Pre.concrete.
1).The cracking resisting -
or
moment of member is
raised（抗裂性提高）.
2).The deflection of member is smaller. The stiffness and durability
are raised（刚度和耐久性提高）. 表 1 我国高效预应力混凝土的适用范围

3).The high strength concrete and 最佳使用跨度

steel are used to 可达使用跨度
alleviate the
结构体系
weight of structure. （m） （m）
4).The shear capacity of member is raised（抗剪承载力提高） .
单向多层多跨框架预应力体
15~25 30~35
系
3. Appliction scope
双向预应力框架结构、双向
（1）High-span structures 25 35~40
井字楼盖
（2）Special structures as for cracks
无梁平板体系（板柱体系）
7~9 9~12
（3）High-rise structures
（4）Prefabricated members
双向预应力平板—扁梁体系
9~12 12~15

在役工程的加固 － －
10.2. Methods of Prestressing the Concrete P181
10.2.1.The pre-tensioned method（先张法）:
1).the tendons or reinforcements are
钢筋束
stretched and anchored on
abutments at both ends.
台座
2).concrete is cast around the tendons. curing

3).the tendons are released .

4).the stretching force of the tendons is transferred to concrete
by bound and the concrete is compressed（钢筋的回弹力通过钢筋
与混凝土之间的粘结力传递给混凝土，使其获得预压应力） .
 10.2.2.The post-tensioned method （后张法）
1).the member is first cast with ducts,curing.
2).the tendons are threaded through the duct and stretched and
anchored on the member.
3).the stretching force of the tendons is transferred to the concrete by
the anchoring device. （锚具）
4).the ducts are grouted.（灌浆）
10.2.3.Pre-tensioning VS post-tensioning
（与… 比较）
1).pre-tension method: Simple, economic, bound stress
The abutments are massive permanent installment.---pre-fabrication plant .
2).Post-tension method: elaborate,
the anchoring device permanently attached on the member are
expensive hardware's.--- large sized members. anchoring device
with the most optimum shape.
10-3.Materials of Prestressed Concrete（预应力混凝土材料） P184

10.3.1.Prestressed tendons（预应力筋） :
1).High strength. 2). ductility
3). Weldability 4). Sufficient bound strength
high strength steel wire; strand; Heat tempering bar.
10.3.2.Concrete
1).high strength. C30. 2).high early strength
3).low rate of shrinkage and creep
10.3.3.The anchoring devices P183
（1）For anchorage对锚具的要求
①Sufficient strength and rigidity for reliably anchorage(受力可靠)；
②Low slip for minimized losses of prestress(预应力损失小)；
③Be convenient and simple to use(张拉设备简单、放松张拉简易快速)；
④Be simple in manufacture for low cost(构造简单、价格低廉)
10.4.The Control Stress and the Loss of Prestress（张拉控制应
力和预应力损失） P185
10.4.1.The control stress: con total stretching force
 con 
cross section area of tendons
1).categories of tendons.
con con is higher for ductility steel.
2).method of prestress: con(pre.)con(post.)

2. The amount of control stress 张拉控制应力 con 的取值

* The control stress should be limited within a certain range.
High carbon wire, Strand 0.4f ptk ≤  con ≤ 0.75 fptk

Heat tempering bar 0.5 f ptk ≤  con ≤ 0.85 fptk

•The control stress may be suitably increased in construction

(Over-stretching) for less losses of prestressed stress.
10.4.2.Losses in prestress: l
The prestressing stress at the service stage of the member is much less
than the control stress and the difference is termed the loss of prestress.
1).loss due to anchorage slip（端锚具变形损失）  l1
a).line stretching: a
 l1    Es  Es
a--is the amount of slip(table 10.2).
L
L--length of the tendons. Pre. L--length of abutment
Post. L--length of member
If L>50m,  l1  0

 
b).curvature stretching: (post-tension)
 l1  2 con L f 

c  k 1  Lxf P187
2).friction loss（摩擦损失）  l 2 (Post-tension)
 1 
 l 2   con 1  kx   
 e 
When +kx0.2,  l 2   con   kx
 3).temperature loss（温差损失） :  l3 (pre-tension)
 l 3  Es st  Es s t  2 105 1105 t  2t

4).loss of prestress due to relaxation of tendon:  l4

钢筋的应力松弛

 l 4 : early time and short span of time,

Loss of prestress due to relaxation of tendon
 l 4 (N/mm2)（钢筋应力松弛损失）
 con
Normal relaxation  l 4 = 0.4(  0.5) con
f ptk
Heat tempering bar  l 4  0.03 con
 5).loss due to shrinkage and creep of concrete（收缩徐变损失） l 5
A).for pre-tensioned members: B).for post-tensioned members:
60  340 pc / f ' 55  300 pc / f cu'
 l5  (tension zone)
cu  l5 
1  15 Ap  As Ap  As 1  15
 
A0 An
60  340 pc / f cu
' '

 l5 
'
(compression zone) 55  300  '
/ f '

1  15 '  '


pc cu

A'  A' ' ' l5

Ap  As 1  15 '
 
' p s
 
'
A0 An
 pc , 'pc The pre-compression stress(预压应力) the concrete is subjected
to at centroid of the tendons at tension, compression zone
f’cu--the cube strength of concrete at the time the concrete is pre-
compressed.
For axially tension force member:(symmetrical bars)
Ap  As Ap  As
  '
 '

2A0 2 An
(Pre-tension) (post-tension)
6).loss due to compaction of spiral prestressed
tendon: (post-tension)  l 6

Code: D3m,  l 6 =30N/mm² D>3m,  l 6 =0

To reduce l :  The bearing plate must be less.

l1 The slip of anchorage is less.  l2
 l2 both end are stretched.  l2
over-stretching
0 1.1 con 0.85 con  con
 l3 twice raising temperature.  l 4 :over-stretching
stretching on steel abutment 0 1.1 con 0  con
 l5 采取减小砼收缩、徐变的各种措施。
 10.4.3.The combination of losses of prestress（预应力损失的组合） :
pre-tension post-tension
The first group loss before the
concrete is pre-compressed  lI  l1   l 3   l 4  l1   l 2
The second group loss after the
 lII  l5  l 4   l5   l6
concrete is pre-compressed

total loss:  l   lI   lII 100N/mm² (pre-tension)

80N/mm² (post-tension)
10.5 Prestressed Concrete Axial Tension Members
（预应力混凝土轴心受拉构件） P193
10.5.1 State of Stress
1. Pre-tensioned Members
(1) At pre-stressing stage（预加应力阶段--施工阶段）
(a) the tendons are released : Fig.(a)
The stress in the tendons continuous to reduce:
E s  s  E s  c  E s pcI / Ec   E  pcI

i.e  pI   con   l I   E  pcI  sI   E pcI

By equilibrium of forces in the section
( con   l I   E pcI ) Ap   E pcI As   pcI Ac
the compression stress in the concrete after the tendons have
finished its first group of loss of prestress can be obtained by
( con   l ) Ap ( con   lI ) Ap
 pcI   A0  Ac   E As   E A p
Ac   E As   E Ap A0
Ao is the area of transformed section（换算截面面积）
(b) The tendon will face the second group of loss of pre-stress  l II
(where  l II   l 5 )  sII   E pc   l 5
 pII   con   l I   E  pcI   lII   E  pcI   pc    con   l   E  pc
By equilibrium of forces in the section
( con   l   E  pc ) A p   E  pc As   l 5 As   pc Ac
the compression stress in concrete after the tendons have finished the
total loss of pre-stress can be obtained
( con   l ) Ap   l 5 As ( con   l ) Ap   l 5 As
 pc  
Ac   E As   E Ap A0
(2) At service stage（使用阶段）
①Decompression prestress state（消压状态）
 p 0   con   l   E  pc   E  pc   con   l  s 0   l 5
N p 0   con   l   AP   l 5 As N p 0   pc A0
② When the crack is impending （裂缝即将出现时）
 pcr   con   l   E f tk  s 0   l 5   E f tk
N cr  ( con   l   E f tk ) Ap  ( E f tk   l 5 ) As  f tk Ac
 ( con   l ) Ap   l 5 As  ( Ac   E As   E Ap ) f tk

A0  Ac   E As   E Ap N cr  ( pc  f tk ) A0

③ Ultimate tensile load（极限受拉承载力）

N u  f py AP  f y As
2. Post-tensioned Members（后张法构件）

(1) At pre-stressing stage（预加应力阶段--施工阶段）

(a) the tendons are released : Fig.(a)
 pI   con   l I  sI   E pcI
By equilibrium of forces in the section

( con   l I ) A p   E  pcI As   pcI Ac

The compression stress in concrete after the tendons have finished its
first group of loss of prestress can be obtained as:
( con   l ) Ap ( con   lI ) Ap
 pcI   An  Ac   E As
Ac   E As An

An is the area of transformed net section（净截面面积）

(b) The tendon will face the second group of loss of pre-stress
 pII   con   l I   lII   con   l  sII   E pc   l 5

By equilibrium of forces in the section

( con   l ) A p   E  pc As   l 5 As   pc Ac
the compression stress in concrete after the tendons have finished the
total loss of pre-stress can be obtained

( con   l ) Ap   l 5 As ( con   l ) Ap   l 5 As
 pc  
Ac   E As An

(2) At service stage （使用阶段）

①Decompression prestress state（消压状态）
N p 0   con   l   E pc   AP   l 5 As  ( con   l ) Ap   l 5 As   E pc Ap
N p 0   pc A0
②When the crack is impending （裂缝即将出现时）
N cr  ( con   l   E pc   E f tk ) Ap  ( E f tk   l 5 ) As  f tk Ac
 ( con   l ) Ap   l 5 As   E Ap pc  ( Ac   E As   E Ap ) f tk

N cr   pc  f tk A0
③ Ultimate tensile load（极限受拉承载力）

N u  f py AP  f y As
● Comparison of Pre-tensioned and Post-tensioned method
1. At pre-stressing stage施工阶段
*完成第一批预应力损失：
先张法
 p   con   l   E pc
 s   E pc
( con   l ) Ap
 pc 
A0
A0  Ac   E Ap   E As
后张法
 p   con   l
 s   E pc
( con   l ) Ap
 pc 
An
An  Ac   E As
 *完成第二批预应力损失：

先张法 后张法
 p   con  l  E  pc   p   con  l
s   E  pc   l 5 s   E  pc   l 5
( con  l ) Ap  l 5 As ( con  l ) Ap  l 5 As
 pc   pc 
A0 An
A0  Ac  E Ap  E As An  Ac  E As
 2. ) At service stage使用阶段
* Decompression prestress state消压状态

先张法 后张法
 p 0  con  l  p 0  con  l  E  pc

s 0  l 5 s 0  l 5
c  0 c  0

N0   pc A0 N0   pc A0
 10.5.2. Design of Prestressed Concrete Tension Member
（预应力混凝土轴拉构件设计） : P199
1.Ultimate capacity of axial tension member:
 0 N  f py Ap  f y As Ap
details
2.Crack control requirement: Nk
A).1st class crack control:  ck   pc  0  ck 
A0
Nk--the short-term load effect under standard load.
post-tension:
pre-tension:
 con   l Ap   l 5 As  con   l Ap   l 5 As
 pc   pc 
A0 An

B).2nd class crack control:  ck   pc  f tk

 C).3rd class crack control:

Wmax   cr  sk
Es
1.9c  0.08  d
 te

 sk 
N k  N p0 As  Ap
Ap  As  te
Ate
3.Checking for pre-compressing when the
reinforcements are released or tensioned（预压验算）
 cc  0.8 f ck'
 con   lI Ap  con Ap
 cc   cc 
A0 An
(pre-tension) (post-tension)
4. Check the Local Bearing of Concrete under Anchorage for
post-tension（端部锚固区局压承载力）
1).the section checking of local
compression zone:
b Fl  1.35 c  l f c Aln
Fl local pression: Fl  1.2 con Ap
Al b
l--strength increasing coefficient
for local bearing
Aln--net local bearing area.
Ab
l  Al--local bearing
Al area within Aln
Ab--the calculation area for local bearing.
b b b b a b a>b d
Al Ab= Al Ab= 3Al b
Al b Al Ab
b
3d
2).The ultimate local bearing capacity when reinforcements are placed:

Fl  0.9  c  l f c  2v  cor f y Aln 
Acor
 cor 
Al Acor--area of core concrete l1
 v --volume ratio of reinforcement. As1
n1 As1l1  n2 As 2l2 Assl
for layers of wire net: v 
Acor s n1
s
for spiral reinforcement: 4 Assl
v 
d cor s d cor

10.6. Transmission Length of Prestress（预应力钢筋的预应力传递长度）

P190
 pe
ltr   d
f tk
10.7 Prestressed Concrete Bending Members（预应力
混凝土受弯构件） P204
10.7.1 State of stress of in different stages（受弯构件各阶段应力
分析）

10.8.1.1. At pre-stressing stage（施工阶段）

(1) Pre-tensioned member （先张法构件）

a) Subject to the first group of loss:（完成第一批应力损失）

 N p 0 N p 0 e p 0
 pc   y0
A0 I0
N p 0   ( con   l ) Ap  ( con
   l ) Ap

( con   l ) Ap  y p 0  ( con
   l ) Ap  y p 0
ep0 
N p0

b) Subject to the second group of loss（完成第二批应力损失）

N p 0  N p 0 e p 0 
 pc   y0
A0 I0
N p 0   ( con   l ) Ap  ( con
   l ) Ap   l 5 As   l5 As
( con   l ) Ap y 0 p  ( con
   l ) Ap y 0 p   l 5 As y 0 s   l5 As y 0 s
e p 0  
N p 0 
(2) Post-tensioned member P206
a) Subject to the first group of loss:（完成第一批应力损失）
N p N p e pn
 pc   yn
An In
N p  ( con   l ) Ap  ( con
   l ) Ap
( con   l ) Ap  y pn  ( con
   l ) Ap  y pn
e pn 
N p

b) Subject to the second group of loss（完成第二批应力损失）

N p N p e pn
 pc   yn
An In
N p  ( con   l ) Ap  ( con
   l) Ap   l 5 As   l5 As
( con   l ) Ap y np  ( con
   l ) Ap y np
   l 5 As y ns   l5 As y ns

e pn 
N p
10.7.1.2. At service stage （使用阶段） P207
(1) Decompression prestress bending moment（消压弯矩）M 0
M0
 pc  0 M 0   pcW0
W0
◆Here W0 is the bending modulus of the transformed section.
（换算截面抗弯截面模量）
(2) Cracking moment （开裂弯矩）M cr

M cr  ( pc   f tk )W0

◆Where  is the plastic coefficient of bending modulus of

the transformed section（换算截面抵抗矩塑性影响系数）
120
  (0.7  ) m Tab.10.8
h
(3) Ultimate moment（极限弯矩）Mu

①A p 、 As can be yielded. A p 、 As 均能达到抗拉屈服强度 f py 、 f y ；

②As can be yielded and  cu can be reached.受压区边缘砼达到  cu ，

As 达到抗压屈服强度
③The f y （受压区高度不很小时）
stress of Ap can ；  p 0 .( Ap 可能受
be supposed as  p  f py

压、也可能受拉，但达不到屈服强度，可取  p  f py
   p 0 )。
10.7.2 Design of Perstressed Concrete Members P208
Subject to Bending（预应力混凝土受弯构件的计算）
10.8.2.1. Flexure carrying capacity（正截面受弯承载力）
(1) Rectangular section（矩形截面）

 p  f py   p 0

 x   b h0
1 f c bx  Ap p  As f y  Ap f py  As f y 
 x  2a '

x
M  1 f c bx( h0  )  Ap p ( h0  ap )  As f y( h0  as )
2
 (2) T-section（T型截面）

x  h f

).

(Ⅰ) T-section (第一类T形截面)

hf
M  1 f cbf hf (h0  )  Ap p (h0  ap )  As f y(h0  as )
2
1 f cbf x  Ap p  As f y  Ap f py  As f y
x
M  1 f cbf x ( h0  )  Ap p ( h0  ap )  As f y( h0  as )
2
(Ⅱ) T-section (第二类T形截面) x  h f
hf
M  1 f cbf hf (h0  )  Ap p (h0  ap )  As f y(h0  as )
2

1 f cbx  1 f c (bf  b)hf  Ap p  As f y  Ap f py  As f y

x hf
M  1 f cbx ( h0  )  1 f c (bf  b)hf ( h0  )
2 2
 Ap p ( h0  ap )  As f y( h0  as )

10.8.2.2. Shear Capacity（斜截面受剪承载力） P210

V  Vcs  V p  0.8 Asb f y sin  s  0.8 Apb f py sin  p

V p  0.05N p 0 N p 0   p 0 Ap   p 0 Ap   l 5 As   l5 As
10.7.2.3. Crack Control Check in Service Stage（使用阶段裂缝控制
验算）
Mk Mq
 ck   cq 
W0 W0

10.8.2.4. Diagonal Crack Control in Service Stage（使用阶段

斜截面抗裂验算）
M k y0
 x   pc 
 tp  x   y  x  y  I0
2

      2
 cp 2  2 


V  
k pe Apb sin  p S 0
I 0b
1st class crack control  tp  0.85 f tk
 cp  0.6 f ck
2nd class crack control  tp  0.95 f tk
10.7.2.5. Deflection Control in Service Stage（使用阶
段的挠度控制） P 212

1st or 2nd class crack control Bs  0.85Ec I 0

0.85E c I 0
3rd class crack control Bs 
 cr  (1   cr )
M cr
 cr    (1.0 
0.21
)(1  0.45 f )  0.7
Mk E 
( b f  b) h f
f 
bh0

f  f1l  f 2l N P eP l02
f 2l  2
8 Bs
Ch9 camber
10.7.2.6. Check at Construction Stage
 ct  f '
tk

 cc  0.8 f '
ck

Nk M k
 ct   pc  -
A0 W0
Nk M k
 cc   pc  
A0 W0
10.7.3 Classification of prestressed concrete
（预应力混凝土的分类)

pre-tensioning and post-tensioning

full prestressing and partial prestressing

(全预应力和部分预应力混凝土结构)

external prestressing and internal prestressing

(体外预应力和体内预应力)

with or without adhesive bond

(有粘结或无粘结预应力混凝土结构)