EIGRP

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 1

 EIGRP

• Explain the functions and operations of EIGRP (e.g., DUAL)

• Configure EIGRP routing (e.g., Stub Routing, authentication, etc)

• Verify or troubleshoot routing configurations.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 2

 EIGRP Features

• Cisco proprietary

• Classless routing protocol (VLSM support)

• Complex metric

• Fast convergence

• Partial updates

• Support for IPV4, IPV6, IPX and AppleTalk

• Support authentication

• Use Multicast and Unicast

• Support for all layer 2 topologies and protocols

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 3
 EIGRP Key Component

• Protocol-dependent modules (PDM)

IPv4, IPv6, IPX, AppleTalk

• Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)

Use IP protocol 88

• Neighbor discovery and recovery

Use hello packets

• Diffusing Update Algoritm (DUAL)

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 4

 EIGRP Metric

Metric = 256 * [(K1 * Bandwidth) + (K2 * Bandwidth) + (K3 * delay)] * K5 5

(256 – load) (reliability + K4)

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 5

 K Value default

• K1 = 1

• K2 = 0

• K3 = 1

• K4 = 0

• K5 = 0

Recomendation: No modify this value

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 6

 EIGRP Metric

Metric = 256(banwidth + delay)

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 7

 Timers

Interface Type Hello Timer Hold Timer

Broadcast (Ethernet, Token Ring and 5 sec. 15 sec
FDDI)
Point to point (PPP, HDLC, Frame Relay, 5 sec. 15 sec
P2P, ATM)
Point to Point subinterfaces 5 sec. 15 sec
High bandwidth (more than T1) 5 sec. 15 sec
Multipoint (Frame Relay NBMA, ATM) 60 sec 180 sec
Switched virtual circuits and ISDN BRIs 60 sec 180 sec

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 8

 Diffusing Update Algoritm

R8
2

5 R5
10 FD AD
10 R8 54 52
R9 51 46
R9 R3
R7 55 45
1 R3 50 40
R7 40

45

R1

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 9

 Diffusing Update Algoritm

(a)

A
(1) FD AD Topology
B 3 1 Succesor
(1)
D 4 2 fs
B D
E 4 3

(2)
(2) (1)

(1)
C E

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 10

 EIGRP terms

• Feasible Distance: Total cost

• Advertised distance: Cost from the neighbor

• Succesor: Neighbor with the best path

• Feasible succesor: Meets the "feasibility requirement", the

neighbor´s advertised distance is less than the actual feasible
distance (no loop)

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 11

 EIGRP packets

• Hello: send periodically, identifies neighbors

• Updates: Send router (incremental updates multicast), it´s reliable.

• Query: If a route is lost. Multicasts, if no response unicast up to 16

tries to all neighbors, It´s reliable

•Ack: Acknowledge the receipt of a route (unicast)

•Reply: To answer a Query using unicast, it´s reliable.

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 12

 EIGRP neighborship

• If a path is lost and there is no feasible successors, the router send

quieries to the other neighbors

• If there is no response and it times out the route goes to Stuck in

Active (SIA)

• Way to avoid SIA

• Split horizon
• Summarization
• Avoid entire routing tables
• Quickly converging routing

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 13

 Other EIGRP Characteristics

Incremental updates

Multicast and Unicast

224.0.0.10

Unequal-Cost Load Sharing

Must be a feasible successor
Send a % of the traffic through each link
Use a multiplier named "Variance"

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 14

 Tables used by EIGRP

• Neighbor table

• Topology table

• IP routing table

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 15

 Neighbor table

Conditions to be a neighbor:

Receive a hello from the neighbor

EIGRP AS must be the same (information inside the hello packet)
K values must be identical
Timers (hello and host time) can be different
No secondary address

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 16

 Neighbor table content

Router#show ip eigrp neighbors

IP-EIGRP neighbors for process 56
H Address Interface Hold Uptime SRTT RTO Q Seq
(sec) (ms) Cnt Num
5 10.222.155.15 Fa0/0 12 5d19h 11 300 0 62016
10 10.222.155.16 Fa0/0 13 1w0d 9 300 0 75159
9 10.222.155.10 Fa0/0 13 1w3d 9 300 0 103895
14 10.222.155.14 Fa0/0 14 1w6d 26 450 0 830420
2 10.222.155.5 Fa0/0 14 1w6d 6 300 0 16623050
1 10.222.155.7 Fa0/0 13 1w6d 11 300 0 1240483
11 10.222.155.12 Fa0/0 14 2w5d 16 300 0 271382
0 10.222.155.9 Fa0/0 13 3w0d 16 300 0 2189932
6 10.222.155.1 Fa0/0 12 3w5d 25 300 0 622207
13 10.222.155.11 Fa0/0 12 4w5d 12 300 0 16584847

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 17

 Topology table

Passive and active routes

Updates sent or not to neighbors

Quieries sent or not to neighbors

Replies received or not from neighbors

Replies sent or not to neighbors

Prefixes, masks, interface, next-hop, feasible and advertised

distance for remote networks

All information on this table is used by the DUAL to build the IP

routing table

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 18

 Topology Table

Router#show ip eigrp topology

IP-EIGRP Topology Table for AS(56)/ID(10.255.207.26)

Codes: P - Passive, A - Active, U - Update, Q - Query, R - Reply,

r - reply Status, s - sia Status

P 172.21.185.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 1280000

via 10.222.155.1 (1280000/1254400), FastEthernet0/0
P 172.20.184.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 286208
via 10.222.155.1 (286208/30208), FastEthernet0/0
P 10.255.222.43/32, 1 successors, FD is 411648
via 10.222.155.1 (411648/146944), FastEthernet0/0
P 10.255.207.58/32, 1 successors, FD is 409856
via 10.222.155.1 (409856/130816), FastEthernet0/0
P 172.27.183.0/24, 1 successors, FD is 311808
via 10.222.155.1 (311808/286208), FastEthernet0/0

© 2006 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco 19

 Topology table

New route into the Topology table

As soon as the router has a new network, it sends Hello packets out
that interface. That new network is added to the Topology table

The router sends an update to all neighbors, these updates are

tracked in the topology and the neighbor table

The remote router will update the sequence number and add the new
network to theirs Topology table, then recalculate the Feasible
Distance and the susccesor

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 Routing table

Filled after DUAL is run

Up to 16 paths

Metric calculated with formula taking in account the K values

Internas 90 In the EIGRP process

Summary 5 Summarized routes
External 170 Redistributed into EIGRP

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 Design considerations

Traffic between neighbors

Number of routers
Distance between neighbors
Alternative paths

Bad design could:

SIA routes
Network congestion
Lost routing
Flapping routes
Retransmissions
RAM exhaustion
High CPU

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 Design recommendations

Plan for summarization

Check RAM and CPU
Enough bandwidth on WAN links
Filters to limit advertisements
Monitor

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