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MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS
ASBESTOS - PROPERTIES
ASBESTOS: Naturally occurring fibrous mineral substance
Natural asbestos - two types – acid resistant and non acid resistant
PROPERTIES
Can be cut into pieces
Holes can be drilled and screws can be fitted
Acid and fire proof
Smooth surface
Good adsorption capacity. When mixed with cement and cured with water, it retains firmly at the
surface
Color-brown, grey, white
Melting point – 1200 – 1500 deg. C
Sp. Gravity = 3.10
High tensile strength along fibers
Quality affected by length of fibres – so this property used for classifying asbestos into different
grades
ASBESTOS - USES
USES
Asbestos cement products – very popular for sheets & pipes. Prepared by mixing asbestos fibres
with cement
Asbestos felt can be prepared by coating asbestos fibres with bitumen – used as DPC
Used as covering materials for magnetic coils
Lining material for fuse box and switch box
Insulation for boilers & furnaces
Preparing fire proof clothes and ropes
Preparing asbestos paint
FELT LUBRICANT WICKS FELT GASKETS FELT WIPERS FELT KNEE PADS
MICA
A natural occurring mineral based on a collection of silicate minerals and composed of varying
amounts of potassium, iron, aluminum, magnesium and water
shiny, flaky substance which has basal (one-directional) layers & splits into thin paper-like layers
when broken in the direction of its layers
Very brittle
flexible, absorbs water easily
Ranges from completely transparent (clear) to completely opaque. Various colors such as clear,
green, red, black, etc.
High electrical and heat insulation properties
Can resist nearly all mediums like chemicals, acids, gasses, alkalis, oils, etc.
USES
Used in paints as a pigment extender and also helps to brighten the tone of colored pigments
Wet-ground mica used primarily in pearlescent paints by the automotive industry
As thermal insulation, and electrical insulators in electronic equipment
Dry-ground mica is used in the production of rolled roofing and asphalt shingles, where it serves
as a surface coating to prevent sticking of adjacent surfaces
Mica added to grease used for axles to increase durability
ADHESIVES
ADHESIVES: Substance used to join 2 or more parts to form single units
1. ALBUMIN GLUES: Glue of better quality. Not attacked by water. Used to make furniture
2. ANIMALPROTEIN GLUES: Obtained by boiling waste pieces of skins, bones, etc. of animals with
hot water. Gives strong and tough joints. Affected by damp and moist conditions. Available as
cakes, flakes, sheets, etc. used to manufacture plywood, laminated timber, etc.
3. GLUES FROM NATURAL RESINS: Prepared from natural resins. Used for labelling, building
paper, etc.
4. GLUES FROM SYNTHETIC RESINS: Can be either thermosetting (permanent once set) or
thermoplastic (can be made plastic if heated). All synthetic glues – fire proof, strong and water
proof, resist fungi attack, heat & moisture.
5. NITROCELLULOSE GLUES: Derived by treating cellulose with nitric acid. It produces films which
strongly adhere to glass
ADHESIVES
6. RUBBER GLUES: Prepared by dissolving rubber in benzene. Used for joining rubber, plastic,
glass, etc.
7. SPECIAL GLUES: Specially prepared to join metals. CYCLEWELD – a modified form of rubber –
used to join aluminium sheets. ARALDITE – another variety of special glue – used to join light
metals
8. STARCH GLUES: Prepared from vegetable starch. Good strength in dry condition, but not
moisture resistant. Cheap – used for inferior quality of plywood
9. VEGETABLE GLUES: Prepared from natural gums & starches. Used for preparing paper board
articles, labelling, etc.
BAKELITE
Bakelite - a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin
One of the first plastics made from synthetic components
PROPERTIES
Bakelite - produced in dozens of commercial grades and with various additives to meet diverse
mechanical, electrical and thermal requirements
Lightweight and can be molded
High resistance not only to electricity, but to heat and chemical action as well
Pure Bakelite resin can take several colors, but is brittle, and so has to be strengthened by filler
substances – which give Bakelite an opaque look
Can take high polish and is reasonably durable
USES
Wire insulation, brake pads and related automotive components
Handles, etc. for cooking utensils
Game boards and elements such as billiards balls, chess pieces, dice, etc.
The use of this material declined after World War II, when lighter and more colorful plastics were
developed.
CHINA CLAY
China clay or Kaolin – commercially produced soft white clay composed of hydrated clay mineral
called Kaolinite
In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder
When kaolin is mixed with water in the range of 20 to 35 %, it becomes plastic (i.e., it can be
molded under pressure), and the shape is retained after the pressure is removed.
USES
Highest demand in paper industry – where it is used as filler – reducing production costs and
improving printing characteristics
Very high usage in ceramic industry – used in the manufacture of white ceramic wares – its
function – to confer brightness and strength to ceramic products
Major uses are vitreous china sanitary wear, containers and utensils (of earthenware, bone china
and porcelain), wall tiles, electrical porcelain equipments, etc.
China clay is also used as fillers in paint, manufacture of rubber, plastic, adhesives, sealants,
white cement, glass fibres and pharmaceuticals
LEATHER
Leather - durable and flexible material created by the tanning of animal rawhide and skin, often
cattle hide
PROPERTIES USES
High tensile strength Manufacture of footwear, bags, garments,
Resistance to tear accessories, etc.
High resistance to flexing Show pieces and pieces of art as leather
High resistance to puncture carvings
Good heat insulation Wall papers & furniture covering
Leather contains a great deal of air, Pulley belts and other belts for machinery
which is a poor conductor of heat Leather seals & gaskets
Permeability to water vapour Gaiters and straps
Can be moulded into shapes
Resistant to heat and fire
CANVAS
Canvas is an extremely heavy-duty plain-woven fabric
Usually made of cotton or linen
USES
Used for making sails, tents, marquees, backpacks, and other items for which sturdiness is
required
Used by artists as a painting surface
Garments, footwear, other accessories
Art works
Manufacture of concrete cloth (fabric impregnated with concrete, life span 10 – 25 years, used
for temporary and defense shelters, pipeline protection, ditch lining, sandbag reinforcement for
flood & military defenses, etc.)
JUTE
Jute - long, soft, shiny vegetable fiber produced from jute plants that can be spun into coarse, strong
threads
one of the most affordable natural fibers and is second only to cotton in amount produced and variety
of uses of vegetable fibers
PROPERTIES
High tensile strength, low extensibility, and ensures better breathability of fabrics
Good insulating (heat & sound) and antistatic properties, as well as having low thermal
conductivity and a moderate moisture regain
Can be blended with other fibres and can be dyed easily
Strength reduces with moisture absorption and becomes brittle over time
USES
Manufacture of garments, bags and accessories, home furnishings, furniture coverings, etc.
Gunny bags & sacks, yarn, twine & rope, packaging, etc.
Used to manufacture fabrics such as hessian cloth, carpet backing cloth, canvas, etc.
Used to prevent flood erosion while natural vegetation becomes established
Used as wet layers to cure concrete surfaces
Used as geo-textiles - permeable fabrics which, when used in association with soil, have the ability to
separate, filter, reinforce, protect, or drain
ASPHALT - CLASSIFICATION
ASPHALT – Mechanical mixture of inert mineral matter like alumina, lime, silica, etc. and asphaltic
bitumen
Remains in solid state in low temperatures, liquid state between 50-100 deg. C
CLASSIFICATION OF ASPHALT
Lake asphalt: Obtained from bottom of lakes at depths of 3-60m. Contains 40-70% pure bitumen,
water about 30%, rest impurities. Refined by boiling in tank and removal of water and impurities.
Used widely in road & pavement construction
Rock asphalt: Obtained from rocks. Contains 10-15% pure bitumen, rest calcareous materials. Rocks
put on road surface after being crushed and heated. Rock softens on heating and consolidates on
cooling. Road surface is then formed by rolling. Also used as sheets, paving tiles, etc.
RESIDUAL ASPHALT: Obtained artificially by fractional distillation of crude petroleum oils with an
asphaltic base.
ASPHALT - FORMS
1. ASPHALTIC CEMENT: Prepared by blowing air through melted asphalt at high temperatures.
Asphalt is oxidized and resulting product is plastic in nature and highly resistant to climatic
conditions. Used for flooring, roofing, water proofing, filler in expansion joints in concrete,
etc.
3. CUT BACK ASPHALT: Liquid asphalt prepared by dissolving asphalt in a volatile solvent. Can
be applied at normal temperature in cold conditions. Used for preparing bituminous paints,
for repairing roofs, etc.
4. MASTIC ASPHALT: Produced by heating natural asphalt with sand and mineral fillers.
Resulting product is a voidless impermeable mass – either in solid or liquid state. Hardness
and melting point of mastic asphalt can be controlled during its manufacture. Used for
damp proofing and water proofing
ASPHALT – PROPERTIES & USES
PROPERTIES ASPHALT SHINGLE ROOFING
USES
As DPC
MASTIC ASPHALT
As water proof layer for tanks, basements,
swimming pools, etc.
Lining materials for parts of machines subjected to heavy friction and for tanks to be used in
chemical processes
Synthetic rubber may be used for hose pipes for carrying petrol, kerosene, gaskets, insulation for
high tension wires, etc.
MATERIALS FOR SPECIAL TREATMENTS
SPECIAL TREATMENTS
1. FIRE PROTECTION
2. WATER PROOFING
3. THERMAL INSULATION
4. ACOUSTICAL TREATMENT
2
• 1st class bricks can stand exposure to fire for a long time
• Most suitable for safeguarding structure against fires
BRICK
• Size of bricks, method of construction, etc. – properties of bricks which
offer fire resistance
•Influence of fire on concrete varies with nature of its coarse aggregate & density
5
•Aggregates obtained from igneous rocks – crack under fire
•Coarse aggregates such as foamed slag, cinder and brick – best suited for concrete
CONCRETE which has to be fire resistive
•Under fire, concrete surface gets disintegrated for a depth of 25mm due to
dehydration of mortar. Hence, in RCC fire resistant construction, clear cover thickness
should be more
6
•Glass conducts heat faster than metal.
•Low thermal conductivity – hence, change in volume by expansion or contraction –
very small – hence, may be considered to be good fire resisting material
GLASS •However, when subjected to sudden and extreme variations in temperature, glass
cracks.
•Use of reinforcement such as steel wire netting, etc. – reduces this
•Reinforced glass – higher melting point than ordinary glass – used for fire resisting
doors, windows, skylights, etc.
1. FIRE RESISTING MATERIALS-PROPERTIES
7 • Fibrous mineral which is combined with Portland cement to form
asbestos cement – great fire resistive value
ASBESTOS • Largely used in construction of fire resistive partitions, roofs, etc.
CEMENT • Low coefficient of expansion & incombustible – asbestos cement
members offer great resistance to cracking, swelling or disintegrating
when exposed to fire
• Incombustible – walls & ceilings may be made more fire resistant with the
use of suitable mortar
8
• Cement mortar preferred over lime mortar (which is liable to calcine)
PLASTER OR
MORTAR • Resistance of plaster to fire may be increased by using it in thick layers ir
by using metal laths
• Gypsum plaster when applied over structural members, offers additional
fire resistance
9 • Usage of stone in a fire resistive construction – should be minimum
• Hot stones subjected to sudden cooling – develop cracks and may lead to
failure of structure
STONE • Granite, under severe fire, explodes
• Limestone crumbles under ordinary fires
• Only compact sandstone having fine grains may be used as it can stand
the exposure to moderate fire without serious cracks
1. FIRE RESISTING MATERIALS-PROPERTIES
10
11
• Wrought iron behaves almost like steel, but lesser elasticity than steel
WROUGHT • Cast iron, on sudden cooling, breaks into pieces – hence, rarely used from
IRON & CAST fire resisting point of view
IRON • For using cast iron in fire resistive construction, it should be protected by a
suitable covering of bricks, concrete, etc.
12
• Aluminium being used as reinforcement in advanced countries because of
light weight and anti-corrosion properties
ALUMINIUM
• However, very poor fire resistive properties – its use as even alloys, should
be restricted in fire resistive construction
2. WATER PROOFING MATERIALS
Dampness – main cause of deterioration of building and health of occupants
Main cause of dampness – absorption of water by materials because of
high ground water table,
rain,
exposed top of parapet walls,
inadequate slope of roof,
condensation, etc.
Damp proofing done by interposing a layer of damp proofing material between the source of
dampness and building – Damp Proofing Course (DPC)
PRINCIPLE OF DAMP PROOFING: Provide DPC horizontally or vertically without any break and
throughout the thickness of wall, floor slab, etc.
PROPERTIES: Should be
Impervious
Durable,
Strong enough to take loads
Able to accommodate some structural movement without fracture
2. WATER PROOFING MATERIALS
Water proofing materials – classified into 4 categories
1
FLEXIBLE
• E.g. Bitumen felts, plastic sheeting (polythene sheeting)
MATERIALS
2
SEMI-RIGID
• E.g. Mastic asphalt, combination of materials or layers
MATERIALS
3
RIGID
• E.g. First class bricks, stones, slates, cement concrete
MATERIALS
4
GROUT • E.g. cement slurry, acrylic based chemicals/ polymers, etc.
2
• Also known as fibrous plaster
ACOUSTIC • Consists of granulated insulation material with cement
PLASTER • Thickness=20 mm, density=1kN/m3, coefficient of absorption=0.30
• Plaster boards also available; coefficient = 0.15 – 0.3
3
• Factory made, sold under different trade names
ACOUSTICAL
TILES • Uniform absorption, easy to fix, but relatively costly. Suitable for small
areas
4
• Considerably good sound absorption material
STRAWBOARD
• Thickness=13 mm, density=2.4kN/m3, coefficient of absorption=0.30
5
• Soft boards prepared from compressed pulp
PULP BOARDS • Cheaper, can be fixed by ordinary paneling
• Average coefficient of absorption = 0.17
4. ACOUSTICAL/SOUND ABSORBENT MATERIALS
6
COMPRESSED • May be perforated or unperforated
FIBERBOARD • Coefficient (perforated) = 0.3, (unperforated) = 0.52
7 COMPRESSED
WOOD • Provided with perforations, can be painted also
PARTICLE • Thickness=13 mm, coefficient of absorption=0.40
BOARD
9
WOOD WOOL • Generally used with a thickness of 25 mm, density 4kN/m3
BOARD • Coefficient of absorption = 0.20
10
• Prepared from mineral wool or glass wool; fixed as acoustic blankets
QUILTS &
MATS • Coefficient depends on thickness, density, perforations, mode of fixing,
backing, frequency of sound, etc.
4. ACOUSTICAL/SOUND ABSORBENT MATERIALS