Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Introduction:
Energy losses in pipe flows are the result of friction
between the fluid and the pipe walls and internal friction
between fluid particles. Minor (secondary) head losses
occur at any location in a pipe system where streamlines
are not straight, such as at pipe junctions, bends, valves,
contractions, expansions, and reservoir inlets and
outlets. In this experiment, minor head losses through a
pipe section that has several bends, transitions, and
fittings will be measured.
Exp. (8) : Minor Losses
Purpose:
To determine the loss factors for flow through a
range of pipe fittings including bends, a contraction, an
enlargement and a gate-valve.
Exp. (8) : Minor Losses
Apparatus:
Energy Losses in Bends and Fittings Apparatus.
It consists of:
- Sudden Enlargement
- Sudden Contraction
- Long Bend
- Short Bend
- Elbow Bend figure 1:minor losses apparatus
- Mitre Bend
Exp. (8) : Minor Losses
Apparatus: (Cont.)
Flow rate through the circuit is controlled by a flow control
valve.
Pressure tappings in the circuit are connected to a twelve bank
manometer, which incorporates an air inlet/outlet valve in the
top manifold. An air bleed screw facilitates connection to a
hand pump. This enables the levels in the manometer bank to
be adjusted to a convenient level to suit the system static
pressure.
A clamp which closes off the tappings to the mitre bend is
introduced when experiments on the valve fitting are required.
A differential pressure gauge gives a direct reading of losses
through the gate valve.
Exp. (8) : Minor Losses
Theory:
The energy balance between two points in a pipe
can be described by the Bernoulli equation, given
by p V p 2
V 2
z 1
z
1
h2 2
1
2g 2
2g
L
where hi is the minor head loss (in meters) for the ith
component and n is the number of components (fittings,
bends, etc.).
Pipe friction losses are expressed as the Darcy-Weisbach
equation given by h f
LV2
f
D 2g
Procedure:
It is not possible to make measurements on all fittings
simultaneously and, therefore, it is necessary to run two
separate tests.
o Part A:
1) Set up the losses apparatus on the hydraulic bench so that
its base is horizontal by adjusting the feet on the base plate
if necessary. (this is necessary for accurate height
measurements from the manometers). Connect the test rig
inlet to the bench flow supply and run the outlet extension
tube to the volumetric tank and secure it in place.
Exp. (8) : Minor Losses
Procedure:
o Part B:
10) Clamp off the connecting tubes to the mitre bend pressure
tappings (to prevent air being drawn into the system).
11) Start with the gate valve closed and open fully both the
bench valve and the lest rig flow control valve.
12) open the gate valve by approximately 50% of one turn
(after taking up any backlash).
Exp. (8) : Minor Losses
Tables.doc