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• Forced vibrations are vibrations where an external excitation in form of (force or displacement)
is continuously applied to the system.
• Examples are vibrations due to rotating unbalance of machines, earthquake, an automobile or an
aircraft traveling on an uneven road/runway, vibration testing & experiments & vibration
measurements (sensor applications).
• The governing DE will be linear, second order & non homogenous whose general solution is
composed of two parts (1) homogenous solution (which will decay with time and hence is
transient) (2) particular solution which will be steady in time and is due to the applied excitation.
•In forced vibration cases we therefore seek the particular solution only.
• The external excitation can be harmonic,
non harmonic but periodic or random in time.
• If the applied excitation is harmonic the
response will essentially be harmonic. Homogenous sol (transient decay)
Accelerometer
we get:
&
Where, Also,
• X/δst = Magnification Factor
• ω/ωn = r = Frequency Ratio
Case No. 1 (0 < r < 1)
• If r is greater than 0 but less than 1 the denominator of X/δst = 1/(1-r2) will be +ve or
in other words X/δst will be +ve.
• The response x(t) = Xcosωt will be exactly in phase with the applied excitation F(t).
0< r <1
r>1
• Note 180o out of phase means that when F(t) will be +ve X will be
–ve and vice versa. However both quantities will still reach their
maximum and minimum at same time
Case No. 3 (r = 1)
• When r is equal to 1 this means excitation frequency is exactly equal to system’s natural
frequency (i.e. Resonance).
• If resonance will occur the amplitude X will become infinite. (to be avoided)
r =1 (previously)
𝐹𝑜 𝑥ሶ 𝐹𝑜
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑥𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑛 𝑡 − cosωnt + 𝜔𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑛 𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠ω𝑡
𝑘−𝑚𝜔2 𝑛 𝑘−𝑚𝜔2
Plot of
It can be seen that the response increases
linearly with time.