ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING 3 rd Year

AND NATURAL LIGHTING B.Arch.

MG UNIVERSITY
ARCHITECTURE
Syllabus for artificial and natural lighting

Basic principles and definitions of Illumination: laws of illuminations, units of lighting,

light in the electromagnetic spectrum, optical performance, color temperature, color
rendering index, efficacy. Light sources and basic types of lamps and luminaries,
different types of lighting arrangements.

Design consideration of good lighting scheme, Energy-efficient lighting systems. Basic

design technique- determination of quantity: point by point method, lumen method,
light loss factor. Determination of quality: visual comfort probability. General
illumination design: residential lighting, street lighting, industrial lighting, office
lighting, departmental stores lighting, indoor stadium lighting, theater lighting, street
lighting and lighting for displays.
The lighting of an interior should fulfil three functions. It should:
(a) Ensure the safety of people in the interior (Figure 1.1) ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING (કૃ ત્રિમ પ્રકાશ)
(b) Facilitate the performance of visual tasks (Figure 1.2) requirements of good lighting
(c) Aid the creation of an appropriate visual environment
(Figure 1.3).
Figure 1.2 Facilitating the
performance of visual
tasks

Figure 1.3 Aiding the

creation of an
appropriate visual
environment

Figure 1.1 Ensuring the

safety of people in the
interior
 Daylight and electric light
 Electric lighting and Day LIghting should always be complementary.
 The use of daylight with good electric lighting controls can lead to a significant saving in the primary energy used
by a building, to national advantage and to the benefit of the environment and building users (Figure 1.4).
 A window or roof light may serve one or more of three main visual purposes: to provide a view, to increase the
general brightness of a room, and to provide illumination (પ્રકાશ) for task performance ( કાર્ય કામગીરી ).
 These three functions must be considered separately by the designer. A window or electrical installation that
serves one purpose well may not be adequate for another – for instance, an opening that provides a good view
might give good task lighting but not enhance the general appearance of the room.
 Providing a view : external & internal .
 Increasing general room brightness : Figure 1.4 For efficient use of energy and for lighting of high
The general lighting in a room is a separate quality, the electric lighting and the day lighting should be
consideration from the task illumination, complementary
but is equally important.
 Provided that it does not cause thermal or visual
discomfort, or deterioration of materials, direct
sunlight is appreciated by users.
 It is especially welcomed in habitable rooms used
for long periods during the day, and in buildings
where occupants have little direct contact with the
outside (such as those used by the elderly).
 Good control of the sunlight is, however, essential,
particularly in working interiors. Generally, sunlight
should not fall on visual tasks or directly on people
at work.

ઉષ્ણતાનું = thermal
Task performance ( કાર્ય કામગીરી )
The ability to see degrees of detail is substantially determined by size, contrast (ત્રિપરીત) and the viewer’s vision.
Improvement to lighting quantity and quality makes an important contribution to improved visual performance.
The effect of lighting on task performance is illustrated in Figures 1.5 .
Three important points should be noted:
— increasing the illuminance on the task produces an increase in
performance following a law of diminishing returns
— the illuminance at which performance levels off is dependent
on the visual difficulty of the task – i.e. the smaller the size and
the less the contrast of the task, the higher the illuminance at
which performance saturates Figure 1.5 The effect of lighting on
— although increasing illuminance can increase task performance depends on the size
task performance, it is not possible to bring a of the critical details of the task and on
difficult visual task to the same level of performance the contrast with their background
as an easy visual task simply by increasing the
illuminance.
Brightness Ratio or Contrast — The variations or
contrast in brightness of the details of a visual task,
such as white print on blackboard.
Daylight Area — The superficial area on the working
plane illuminated to not less than a specified Day-
light factor, that is, the area within the relevant contour.
Daylight Factor — The measure of total daylight
illuminance at a point on a given plane expressed as
the ratio (or percentage) which the illuminance at
the point on the given plane bears to the simultaneous
illuminance on a horizontal plane due to clear design
sky at an exterior point open to the whole sky vault,
direct sunlight being excluded.
Daylight Penetration — The maximum distance to which Penetration = ઘસ ું પેંઠ
a given daylight factor contour penetrates into a room. Contour = સમોચ્ચ
 Daylight factor
The daylight factor is defined as the ratio of the natural illuminance at a particular point on a horizontal plane
to the simultaneously occurring external illuminance of the unobstructed overcast sky. In Britain*, the standard
sky is assumed to give at least 5000 lx of illuminance on the ground.

Daylight factor (DF) = Internal illuminanc e  100

External illuminanc e
The daylight reaching any point inside a room is usually made up of three components:
Sky component
Externally reflected component
Internally reflected component
If there is no external obstruction like trees, buildings etc. the externally reflected component is omitted.
Several techniques, manual as well as computerised, may be used to calculate these components for a building.
In side-lit rooms, the maximum DF is near the windows, and it is mainly due to the sky component. In the early
stages of building design, the average daylight factor may be used to assess the adequacy of daylight:
W Tθ
Average DF = 2
A (1 - R )
where: W is the area of the windows (m2)
A is the total area of the internal surfaces – including floor and ceiling (m2)
T is the glass transmittance corrected for dirt
θ is visible sky angle in degrees from the centre of the window
R is the average reflectance of area A.
The values of these quantities are determined from the given data and W, T and R are corrected by using factors
given in the BS Daylight Code and other publications.

*(India) The recommended design sky illuminance values are 6800 lux for cold climate, 8000 lux for composite
climate, 9000 lux for warm humid climate, 9000 lux for temperate climate and 10500 for hot-dry climate.
For integration with The artificial lighting during daytime working hours an increase of 500 lux in the recommended
sky design illuminance for daylighting is suggested.
Computer-based Daylighting Simulation Software
AG132, Ecotect & 3ds Max Design
Daylighting was tricky, given the existing lights and the need to reduce glare. The design team
relied on a modeling process. They built a physical model and took it to the University of
Oregon’s Energy Studies in Buildings Lab, which had two tools to model daylight. One was the
“heliodon,” which shines light to mimic sunlight at various times of the day. The other was an
“artificial sky,” a big box with mirrored walls and a ceiling full of floodlights. To use it, the
teams attached daylight sensors to the model, turned on the lights, and hooked it up to a
computer. The sensor gave them the daylight factor for the project.

The building’s window design and glazing were crucial in bringing in daylight. The building
has clerestory windows that have been carefully positioned to admit daylight. Different
glazing types also help. Ridenour says, “At the ground level, it’s transparent, and higher up it’s
translucent.” (This information is optional & not part of your examination)
Aims of good lighting – General Principles of openings to afford good lighting – Reflection factors –Illumination

Aims of Good Lighting: Good lighting is necessary for all buildings and has three primary aims. The first aim is to
promote work and other activities carried out within the building; the second aim is to promote the safety of the people
Using the building; and the third aim is to create, in conjunction with the structure and decoration, a pleasing
environment conducive to interest of the occupants and a sense of their well-being.

Daylighting: The primary source of lighting for daylighting is the sun. The light received by the earth from the sun
consists of two parts, namely, direct solar illuminance and sky illuminance. For the purposes of daylighting design,
direct solar illuminance shall not be considered and only sky illuminance shall be taken as contributing to illumination
of the building interiors during the day.

General Principles of Openings to Afford Good Lighting: Generally, while taller openings give greater penetrations,
broader openings give better distribution of light. It is preferable that some area of the sky at an altitude of 20° to 25°
should light up the working plane.

Broader openings may also be equally or more efficient, provided their sills are raised by 300 mm to 600 mm above
the working plane. NOTE — It is to be noted that while placing window with a high sill level might help natural lighting,
this is likely to reduce ventilation at work levels. While designing the opening for ventilation also, a compromise may
be made by providing the sill level about 150 mm below the head level of workers.

For a given penetration, a number of small openings properly positioned along the same, adjacent or opposite walls
will give better distribution of illumination than a single large opening. The sky component at any point, due to a
number of openings may be easily determined from the corresponding sky component contour charts appropriately
Superposed. The sum of the individual sky component for each opening at the point gives the overall component due
to all the openings. The same charts may also facilitate easy drawing of sky component contours due to multiple
openings.

Unilateral lighting from side openings will, in general, be unsatisfactory if the effective width of the room is more than
2 to 2.5 times the distance from the floor to the top of the opening. In such cases provision of light shelves is always
advantageous.
Openings on two opposite sides will give greater uniformity of internal daylight illumination, especially when the room
is 7 m or more across. They also minimize glare by illuminating the wall surrounding each of the opposing openings.
Side openings on one side and clerestory openings on the opposite side may be provided where the situation so requires.

Cross-lighting with openings on adjacent walls tends to increase the diffused lighting within a room.
Openings in deep reveals (ઊુંડા છતી ) tend to minimize glare effects.
Openings shall be provided with CHAJJAHS, louvers, baffles or other shading devices to exclude, as far as possible,
direct sunlight entering the room.

CHAJJAHS, louvers, etc, reduce the effective height of the opening for which due allowance shall be made.
Broad and low openings are, in general, much easier to shade against sunlight entry. Direct sunlight, when it enters,
increases the inside illuminance very considerably. Glare will result if it falls on walls at low angles, more so than when
it falls on floors, especially when the floors are dark coloured or less reflective.

Light control media, such as translucent glass panes (opal or matt) surfaced by grinding, etching or sandblasting,
configurated or corrugated glass, certain types of prismatic glass, tinted glass and glass blasts are often used. They
should be provided, either fixed or movable outside or inside, especially in the upper portions of the openings.
The lower portions are usually left clear to afford desirable view. The chief purpose of such fixtures is to reflect part of
the light on to the roof and thereby increase the diffuse lighting within, light up the farther areas in the room and
Thereby produce a more uniform illumination throughout. They will also prevent the opening causing serious glare
discomfort to the occupants but will provide some glare when illuminated by direct sunlight.

Direct Solar Illuminance — The illurninance from the sun without taking into account the light from the sky.

External Reflected Component (ERC) — The ratio (or percentage) of that part of the daylight illuminance at a point
on a given plane which is received by direct reflection from external surfaces as compared to the simultaneous
exterior illuminance on a horizontal plane from the entire hemisphere of an unobstructed clear design sky.

Glare — A condition of vision in which there is discomfort or a reduction in the ability to see significant objects or
both due to an unsuitable distribution or range of luminance or due to extreme contrasts in space and time.
Units of measurement – Lux, candela, Luminous flux –Orientation of buildings – External reflected
component – Internal reflected component (Lecture for Monday 8th Aug ‘ 2016)

Daylighting Definitions
Luminance is the measured brightness of a surface and is expressed in candelas per
square metre (cd/m2). Humans perceive light in logarithmic fashion along a vertical scale
(a doubling of brightness is perceived as an increase of about 50 per cent).

Candela (cd) is the intensity of the light source. A light source may emit one candela in a
Narrow beam, or in all directions. The intensity of the light would remain the same, but the amount of light
would be different.

Lumen (lm) describes the amount of light produced by a light source. A 60-watt
incandescent bulb produces 900 lumens; a 36-watt T8 fluorescent tube produces around
3,000 lumens. The amount of energy that strikes a surface is usually measured in lux.

Lux (lx) describes the amount of light that strikes a surface. A lighting designer may try to
achieve a light level of 500 lux at desk height in an office. Lux is a unit of illumination
equal to one lumen per square meter. The imperial measure is footcandle, which is one
lumen per square foot.

Daylight Factor (DF) is a measure of natural daylight in an interior space, representing the amount of light at
a given point in a space relative to the simultaneous amount of daylight available outside.

Energy rating (ER) is a rating system that compares window products for their heating
Season efficiency under average winter conditions.
Low-emissivity (low-e) are coatings applied to window glass to reduce heat loss from
inside without reducing solar gain from outside.
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) is equal to the amount of solar gain through a window,
divided by the total amount of solar energy available at its outside surface.
Daylighting Definitions

Solar south is 180 degrees from true (not magnetic) north.

Switchable glazing describes glazing materials that can vary their optical or solar
properties under the influence of light (photochromic), heat (thermochromic) or electric
current (electrochromic).

Candela (cd) — The S1 unit of luminous intensity. Candela = 1 lumen per steradian

Central Field — The area of circle round the point of fixation and its diameter, subtending an angle of
about 2° at the eye. Objects within this area are most critically seen in both their details and colour.

Colour Rendering Index (CRI) — Measure of the degree to which the psychophysical colour of an object
illuminated by the test illuminant conforms to that of the same object illuminated by the reference
illuminant, suitable allowance having been made for the state of chromatic adaptation.

Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) (Unit: K) — The temperature of the Planckian radiator whose
perceived colour most closely resembles that of a given stimulus at the same brightness and under
specified viewing conditions.
ORIENTATION OF BUILDING:
The chief aim of orientation of buildings is to provide physically and psychologically comfortable living inside the
building by creating conditions which are suitably and successfully ward off the undesirable effects of severe
Weather to a considerable extent by judicious use of the recommendations and knowledge of climatic factors.

Basic Zones
For the purpose of design of buildings, the country may be divided into the major climatic zones as given in Table 2,
which also gives the basis of this classification.
Table 2 Classification of Climate
S. No. Climatic zone Mean Monthly Mean Monthly Relative Humidity
(1) (2) Maximum Temperature (C) Percentage
(3) (4)
i) Hot-Dry above 30 below 55

ii) Warm-Humid above 30 above 55

above 25 above 75
iii) Temperate Between 25-30 Below 75

iv) Cold Below 25 All values

v) Composite See note below

Note: Each climatic zone does not have same climate for the whole year, it has a particular season for more than
six months and may experience other seasons for the remaining period. A climatic zone that does not have any
season for more than six months may be called as composite zone.
Climatic Factors
From the point of view of lighting and ventilation, the following climatic factors influence the optimum orientation
of the building:
a) solar radiation and temperature
b) relative humidity, and
c) prevailing winds.
a). solar radiation and temperature
The best orientation from solar point
of view requires that the building as a
whole should receive the maximum
solar radiation in winter and the
minimum in summer.
For practical evaluation, it is
necessary to know the duration of
sunshine, and hourly solar intensity
on the various external surfaces on
representative days of the seasons.
The total direct plus diffused diurnal
solar loads per unit area on vertical
surface facing different directions are
given in Table 3 for two days in the
year, that is, 22 June and 22 December,
representative of summer and winter,
For latitudes corresponding to some
important cities all over India.
From Table 3, the total heat intake can
Be calculated for all possible orientations
of the building for these extreme days of
summer and winter.

Relative Humidity and Prevailing Winds

The discomfort due to high relative
Humidity in air when temperatures are
also high can be counteracted, to a great
extent, by circulation of air with electric
fans or by ventilation.
In the past, simultaneously with heavy construction and surrounding VERANDAHS to counter the effect of sun’s
radiation, there was also an over emphasis on prevailing winds to minimize the adverse effects of high humidity
with high temperatures.