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—ALAN LEKEIN

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 Team Members
Shah Zaman: 2017-Ft-Msc-Trans-07

Akhlaq Amman: 2017-Ft-Msc-Trans-08

Course Instructor
Tufail Ahmad: 2016-Pt-Msc-Trans-10
Prof. Dr. Mumtaz Ahmad Kamal
Khawar Khan: 2017-Ftw-Msc-Trans-05

Nawazish Ali: 2017-Pt-Msc-Trans-17

SahibUllah: 2017-Pt-Msc-Trans-06 4
 Introduction to
Transportation Planning

 Basic characteristics of
transportation planning

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 Transportation
Planning
!
Planning is “What to do and When to do”

Transportation planning is a preparation

planning to move/transfer human, animal or
other item to some place to another place. This
planning will related to the operation of the
highway system, geometry, and operation of
traffic facilities
 Basic Terminologies

 Efficiency – To achieve efficient management and better management of

existing resources
 Effective use of transportation system
 Uses of technology
 Land use and resource controlling
 Quality
 To reduce a negative impact to the traffic that produce a
pollution
 Equity
 To meet travel demand and response for all communities
 Transportation
Planning Period

 Short Term (Action Plan)

• review matters that can be  Long Term ( ≥ 5 years)
completed within three years and • This type of planning is more structured
involve high costs. and complicated and it must be designed
• Example: program an engineers to better than short term planning
optimize the use of existing • urban transportation planning
transportation systems by installing process involves planning the next
various traffic control devices such as 20 to 25 year
signs and signals
 1.Basic Elements of
Transportation
Planning

Identify
Deficiencies

Land Use Data Develop

Base Alternatives
Facility Inventory
Goals & Evaluate
Objectives Alternatives

Monitor System
Implement a Plan
Performance
 Stages in the development of a trunk road scheme in Great
Britain (C A O FLAHERTY)

Assessment Main Stages Actions

Traffic, Pressure from the
Identification of
Environment & needs public, MPs &
Economic authorities

Public Consultation In confidence

& announcement
Frame Work of preferred routes with local
and alternatives authorities

Detailed Invite Tenders &

Negotiation with
Survey, Design starts execution
those effected by
& Assessment the Work Plan
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 2.Data Collection
Road Use Studies
Pavement Life Studies
Traffic Volume Studies
Spot Speed Studies
Travel Time and Delay
Studies
Parking Surveys
Accident Studies
Travel Survey
 Household Travel Surveys
 The Roadside Survey Method
 Modal Survey
 Goods Transportation Survey
 Origin & Destination Survey
 Speed & Delay Study
 2.1 Traffic Volume
Studies

• Traffic volume is the number of vehicles crossing a section of road per unit time
at any selected period. Traffic volume is used as a quantity measure of flow. The
commonly used units are vehicles per day and vehicles per hour. A complete
traffic volume study may include classified volume study by recording the
volume of various types and classes of traffic. The distribution by direction and
turning movements and the distribution or different lanes per unit time.
• Different vehicles classes are converted to one common standard vehicle unit-
PCU- Passenger Car Unit. Number of vehicles are multiplied by equivalency
factor to convert number of vehicles into PCU.
Traffic Volume
 2.2 Spot Speed
Survey

• Spot speed survey is the instantaneous speed of a

vehicle at a specified section or location. Enoscope is
the name of equipment use for this survey. Manually
it is possible to measure the spot speed by entering
the data into the record book. The collected data are
analysed and S-Curve is plotted. We can obtain
medium speed, geometric design speed 85 th
percentile speed (Upper speed limit for regulation),
15th percentile speed, modal speed, space mean
speed, time mean speed etc. from collected data.
 2.3 Speed & Delay
Studies

• Speed and delay studies give running

speeds, overall speeds, fluctuations in
speed and delay between two stations of
a road spaced far apart. They also give
the information such as amount, location,
duration, frequency and causes of the
delay in the traffic stream. Various
methods to carry out speed and delay
survey are:
 Floating Car method
 Licence Plate record method
 By Interview
 By Photography and videography
 2.4 Accident Studies

The problem of accidents is acute due to complex flow pattern of

vehicular traffic along with pedestrians

 Objectives of accident studies

 To evaluate existing design, regulation
and control measures
 To study the causes of accident and suggest
corrective treatment
 To support proposed changes in design
in the particular zone
 To carry out ‘before and after’ studies after
implementing changes
 Causes Of Accidents

Road and its

Road Users Vehicle
condition

Traffic Road Design

ACCIDENT STUDIES & TYPICAL COLLISION DIAGRAM

Collection of accident
data

Preparation of accident
report

Preparation of local
file

Preparation of diagrams
showing type of
collisions

Application of data
collected for prevention
of accidents in the future
2.5 Parking Studies

Parking is one of the major problems

that is created by the increasing road
traffic. It is an impact of transport
development. The availability of less
space in urban areas has increased the
demand for parking space especially
in areas like Central business district.
This affects the mode choice also.
Parking also has a great economical
impact.
 Objectives Of
Parking Survey

Parking studies are used to evaluate the

facilities available like:
• Parking demand-The parking demand varies during
the day and reaches a peak value during heavy
parking demand time
• Parking characteristics – It refers to the practices
prevalent in the area under consideration, mainly
whether the vehicles are parked on street or off
street
• Parking space inventory- the area under study is
surveyed and kerb parking and off street parking
facilities are plotted on a map
 PARKING SYSTEM

On street parking
• Parallel parking
• 30 parking
• 45 parking
• 60 parking
• Right angle parking

Off street parking

• Mechanical car parking
• Multistory car parking
• Roof car parking
• Surface car parking
• Underground parking
 3.Origin Destination
Survey

 The O and D studies of vehicular traffic determines

their number, their origin and destination in each
zone under study. The data of number of passengers
in each vehicles, purpose of trip, intermediate stops
made and reasons, actual direction of travel,
selection of routes and length of trip etc. also
collected.
Methods of O and D survey are:
 Road side interview method
 Licence plate method
 Return post card method
 Tag on car method
• Home interview method
Use Of Data for O-D
Analysis
METHODS OF ORIGIN AND DESTINATION STUDIES

Road side interview Return postcard method

method

Tag on car method Home interview method Work spot interview

method
 4.Transportation
System Modelling

Transportation planning is concerned

with future travel demands and putting
in place the facilities and services that
will accommodate these demands. The
challenge to transportation planners is
to make reliable forecasts of traffic
demand that reflect the effects of
changes in population, social and
economic conditions as well as changes
in the transportation network.
 4.Transportation
System Modelling

 The recognized components of future travel demand include:

 Existing Traffic
 Normal Traffic Growth
 Diverted Traffic
 Converted Traffic
 Change of Destination Traffic
 Development Traffic
 Induced Traffic
 Basic Concepts in
TSM

Trip making is a function of land use

Trips are made for different purposes
Trips are made at different times of the day
Travelers often have different options
available to them
Trips are made to minimize the level of
inconvenience associated with reaching a
destination
Transportation networks and traffic
analysis zones are basis of systems
 Study Area

 Links and nodes

 Simple representation of the geometry of the transportation systems
(usually major roads or transportation routes)
 Links: sections of roadway (or railway)
 Nodes: intersection of 2+ links
 Centroids: center of TAZs
 Centroid connectors: centroid to roadway network where trips load
onto the network
 Travel Analysis Zones
(TAZs)

 Homogenous urban activities (generate same types of trips)

Residential
Commercial
Industrial
 May be as small as one city block or as large as 10 sq. miles

 Natural boundaries --- major roads, rivers, airport boundaries

 Sized so only 10-15% of trips are intra zonal

 4.Transportation
System Modelling

Divide study area into study zones

4 steps
4.1 Trip Generation
-- decision to travel for a specific purpose (eat lunch)

4.2 Trip Distribution

-- choice of destination (a particular restaurant? The nearest restaurant?)

4.3 Mode Choice

-- choice of travel mode (by bike)

4.4 Network Assignment

-- choice of route or path (from particular place to Other)
 4.1 Trip Generation

• Calculate number of trips

generated in each zone
500 Households each making 2
morning trips to work (avg. trip ends
~ 10/day!)
Worker leaving job for lunch
• Calculate number of trips
attracted to each zone
Industrial center attracting 500
workers
McDonalds attracting 200 lunch trips
• Number of trips that begin from or
end in each TAZ
Trips for a “typical” day
Trips are produced or attracted
# of trips is a function of:
TAZs land use activities
Socioeconomic characteristics of TAZ
population
4.1 Trip Generation
 4.1 Trip Generation

 Social and socioeconomic

 3 variables related to the factors characters of users influence
that influence trip production production
and attraction (measurable  Average family income
variables)
i. Density of land use affects  Education
production & attraction
ii. Number of dwellings,  Car ownership
employees, etc. per unit of
land  Location
iii. Higher density usually = more  Traffic congestion
trips
 Environmental conditions
 4.1 Trip Generation

 Trips are estimated by purpose (categories) Often during peak periods

 Work
Usually same origin/destination
 School
 Shopping School trips
 Social or recreational Regular
 Others (medical)
 Travel behavior of trip-makers depends Same origin/destination
somewhat on trip purpose Shopping recreational
 Work trips
Highly variable by origin and
 Regular destination, number, and time of day
 Trip Generation
Analysis
 3 techniques
 Cross-classification
• Can be used to develop relevant trip rates

• Future no. of trips can be calculated

 Multiple regression analysis
• Mathematical equation that describes trips as a function of another variable

• Similar in theory to trip rate

• Won’t go into
 Trip-rate analysis models
• Average trip-production or trip-attraction rates for specific types of producers and attractors

• More suited to trip attractions

 4.2 Trip Distribution

• The second model travel

demand used in transportation
planning process.
• To get a travel/traffic pattern
(in/out) in a zone
• Shows the total traffic in
certain time, distance and cost
4.2 Trip Distribution

• Predicts where trips go from each TAZ

• Determines trips between pairs of zones
Tij: trips from TAZ i going to TAZ j
• Function of attractiveness of TAZ j
Size of TAZ j
Distance to TAZ j
• If 2 malls are similar (in the same trip
purpose), travelers will tend to go to closest

• Different methods but gravity model is most

popular
Trip Distribution
Example
 Trip Distribution
Models

Gravity Model Equation

Tij = total trips from i to j
Pi = total number of trips produced in zone i, from trip
generation
Aj = number of trips attracted to zone j, from trip
generation
Fij = impedance (usually inverse of travel time),
calculated
Kij = socioeconomic adjustment factor for pair ij
 4.3 Travel Demand Models

Modal Split Trip Assignment

• to estimate the number of
trips by differenttypes of
• Intended to give a traffic
transport
direction to which roadin
• Limited to public and road/transport network.
private transport only

Assessment
• contains the testing and evaluation of the alternativesselected
before.
• emphasis on the ability of the traffic and environmental impact
of each alternative strategy
• to choose and determine the best transportation system for future
needs
 4.3 Travel Demand
Models

Modal Split is that aspect of the demand analysis process that

MODAL SPLIT determines the number (or percentages) of trips between zones.
Depends on factors such as the traveler’s income and the
availability of transitservice
limited to public and private vehiclesonly

The final step in the forecasting process

To determine the actual street and highway routes that
TRIP will be used and the number of vehicles that can be expected
ASSIGNMENT on eachhighway segment
to give a traffic direction to which road in
road/transport network
Travel Demand
Models
 4.4 Purpose Of
Travel Demand
Models

• This process is important to be in transportation planning for:

 provide new transportation system
 improve the existing system
 build highways, transit systems and other

• To determine the number of trips that will use the existing

transportation system. trips taken in the form of vehicle / non-
transport
and private vehicles and public transport
 5. Conclusions &
Recommendations

• The model outputs, in essence are numbers that show what each
alternative is likely to mean in terms of estimated volumes or riders.
These estimated volumes can be related to a wide variety of other issues
that might be important in identifying more desirable alternatives. Thus,
volume estimates are critical elements in the evaluation of transportation
plans and projects
• Environmental justice is the term used when benefits/ burden assessment
is applied to low-income and minority households. Environmental justice
investigates how transportation plans, programs and projects provide
benefits to all segments of the society.
 5. Conclusions &
Recommendations
 5. Conclusions &
Recommendations

• Another set of measures that is becoming increasingly important in evaluation is

the financial feasibility of the proposed actions. For many years, transportation
plans were developed with little consideration for the level and source of funding
to implement the recommended actions. Today transportation, plans and
programs are to be financially realistic, which means that actions recommended
should be accompanied by a strategy for funding their implementation.
• A final characteristic of successful plan evaluation is the strategy for public
involvement. Opportunities for public input should be provided throughout the
plan development process. Such opportunities are very important during the
evaluation phase. For controversial plans or projects, the level of public
involvement activities can be quite high.
ANY QUESTIONS??

Thank You
Proportion of Slides
SHAHZAMAN : 1-10
TUFAIL AHMAD: 11-21
AKHL AQ AMAN: 22-26
KHAWAR: 27 -35
NAWA ZISH ALI: 36-42
SAHIBULL AH: 43-END

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