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Contents
1. Definition of Engines

2. Heat Engines & Classification

3. Major Engine components & Systems

4. Classification of Engines

5. I.C. Engine Fundamentals (working Principle)

 4-stroke (SI & CI Engines)

 2- stroke engines

 Comparison of SI & CI Engines and 4-s & 2-s Engines

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 1. Definition of Engine
• Engine is a device which transforms one form of energy into another form.
• Most of the engines convert Thermal Energy into Mechanical Work and
therefore they are called Heat Engine.
Mechanical
Fuel Energy Thermal Energy Energy

Combustion Heat Engine

• All automobile engine provides the power to drive the vehicle’s wheels.
• The crankshaft, in turn, is connected to a transmission and/or power train to
transmit the rotating mechanical energy to the desired final use.

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 2. Heat Engines and Classification
• What is Heat engine ?
– A device that is capable of converting thermal energy (heating) into
mechanical energy (work).
– Heat is generally generated by chemical reaction, typically from combustion
of all sorts of fuels.
• Heat engine can be broadly classified in to two categories
1. Internal Combustion Engine (IC Engine)
I. Reciprocating engine (Gasoline and diesel engine)
II. Rotary engine
2. External Combustion Engine (EC Engine)

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 3. Major Engine components & Systems
3.1 Basic Engine Components
1. Cylinder block
2. Piston
3. Piston rings
4. Piston pin
5. Connecting rod
6. Crankshaft
7. Cylinder head
8. Intake and Exhaust valves
9. Camshaft
10. Timing gears
11. Spark plug
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1. Cylinder Block: it is the main supporting
structure for various components and it
contains the cylinder. Fig. A

Fig. A

2. Piston: it is a cylindrical component fitted

into the cylinder forming the moving
boundary of the combustion system. Fig. B

Fig. B
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3. Piston Rings: fitted into the slots around the piston.
 It provide a tight seal b/n the piston and the cylinder
wall thus preventing leakage of combustion gases.

 There are two rings:

1. Compression ring, seal the compression gases

above the piston

2. Oil rings: keep the oil below the piston rings.

4. Piston Pins: Also known as the wrist pin, it

connects the piston to the small end of the
connecting rod.
 It transfers the force and allows the rod to
swing back and forth.

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5. Connecting Rod
• It interconnects the piston and the crankshaft.

• It transmits the gas forces from the piston to the crankshaft.

• The two ends of the connected rod are called as small and big end.

– Small end is connected to the piston by gudgeon pin

– Big end is connected to the crankshaft by crankpin.

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6. Crankshaft
• It converts the reciprocating motion of the
piston into useful rotary motion of the
output shaft.
• In the crankshaft of a single cylinder
engine there are a pair of crank arms and
balance weights
• The balance weights are provided for
static and dynamic balancing of the
rotating system

7. Flywheel
• It is used to store energy or power and
release to the driveline during idle stroke.
• It absorbs vibration
• It contain a ring gear for starting the
engine.
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 8. Cylinder Head
• Forms the top of the combustion
chamber.
• Contains the valves, the passageways
for the fuel mixture to move in and
out of the engine.
• Is held tight to the cylinder block by
number of bolts or studs.

9. Intake and Exhaust Valves

• They are provided either on the
cylinder head or on the side of the
cylinder for regulating the charge
coming into the cylinder (inlet valve)
and for discharging the products of
combustion (exhaust valve) from the
cylinder.
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10. Camshaft
• The camshaft and its associated parts
control the opening and closing of the two
valves.
• The associated parts are
 Push rods,
 Rocker arms,
 valve springs and tappets.
• This shaft also provides the drive to the
ignition system.
• The camshaft is driven by the crankshaft
through timing gears or chain or belt.
11. Timing Gears

• These gears drive the camshaft, fuel

injection pump, oil pump and other
accessories from the crankshaft.
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12. Spark Plug: It is a component to initiate the
combustion process in spark-ignition (SI) engine
and is usually located on the cylinder head.

13. Injectors: It is used to inject fuel to combustion

chamber as per injection timing.
• It is mounted on the side of the cylinder
head.
• Injectors mostly used in diesel engine (CI
engine).
14. Combustion chamber: The space enclosed in the upper part
of the cylinder, by cylinder head and the piston top during
the combustion process, is called the combustion chamber.
– The combustion of fuel and the consequent release of
thermal energy results in the building up of pressure in this
part of the cylinder.
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 3.2 Nomenclature
• Cylinder Bore (d): The nominal inner
diameter of the working cylinder
• Stroke (L) or (s): The nominal distance
through which a working piston moves between
two successive reversal of its distance of motion
• Dead Centers: The potion of the working
piston at the moment when the direction of
piston motion reversed at either end of the
strock.
– Top Dead Center (TDC) or Inner Dead
Center IDC): when the piston is a farthest
from the crankshaft.
– Bottom Dead Center (BDC) or outer
Dead Center (ODC): when the piston is
nearest to the crankshaft.
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• Displacement Volume (Vs)
– The nominal volume swept by the working piston
when traveling from one dead center to the other.
• Vs = A Х L= π/4(d2L)
• Clearance Volume (Vc)
– The nominal volume of the combustion chamber
above the piston when it is at TDC is the clearance
volume.
• Compression Ratio (r)
– It is the ratio of the total cylinder volume when the
piston is at the BDC, VT, to the clearance volume vc.

VT  VC  VS   Vs 
r    1   
VC  VC   VC 

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 3.3 Engine Systems

 An engine must at least include the following systems

to operate.
• Air supply and Exhaust system
• Fuel supply system
• Combustion system
• Ignition system (SI&CI)
• Cooling system
• Lubricating system
• Starting system
• Electrical power supply (battery or generator)

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Engine Systems
intake system
thermostat exhaust system
cooling system

ignition system

lubrication system

crankcase vent
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 4. Classification of I.C. Engines
• Engines can be classified according to the following Points
– Application: Automobile, marine, truck, locomotive, air craft etc.
– Basic Engine Design: Reciprocating and rotary engines
– Working Cycle: Four stroke cycle and Two stroke cycle
– Fuel: Gasoline fuel, diesel fuel, LPG, etc
– Mixture Preparation: carburetion and fuel injection into the
cylinder.
– Method of Ignition: Spark and compression ignition engine.
– Method of Load Control: throttling of fuel and air, control of
fuel alone and combination of these.
– Cooling: water cooled and air cooled engine.

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 Classification of I.C. Engines
Basic Engine Design:
1. Reciprocating
(a) Single Cylinder
(b) Multi-cylinder
(I) In-line
(ii) H, U,V,W & X
(iii) Radial
(iv) Opposed Cylinder
(v) Opposed Piston
2. Rotary:
(a) Single Rotor
(b) Multi-rotor
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 Classification of I.C. Engines
Position & Number of
Cylinders

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 5. Fundamentals of I.C Engine
• Working Principle of Engines
– Four-Stroke Ignition Engine
• The cycle of operation completed in 4 strokes of piston
operation ( 2 revolutions of Crankshaft).
• Each stroke consists of 1800 of crankshaft rotation.
• During 4 strokes, there are 5 events.
– Suction
– Compression
– Combustion
– Expansion
– Exhaust

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 I.C Engine Fundamentals
I.C Engine Fundamental (SI Engine)

• Otto Cycle
– Intake

– Compression,

– Combustion

– Power

– Exhaust
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I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)
fuel

air air + fuel

pressure


volume
TDC BDC

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I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)

pressure


 

volume
TDC BDC

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I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)

pressure


 

volume
TDC BDC

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I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)



pressure


 

volume
TDC BDC

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I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)




pressure


 

volume
TDC BDC

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I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)




pressure


 


volume
TDC BDC

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I.C Engine Funda (Diesel Engine)

pressure
volume
TDC BDC

negligible negative work

The Diesel Engine

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I.C Engine Funda (Diesel Engine)

10000 - 20000 psi

The Diesel Engine

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Engineering
 I.C Engine Funda (2- S Engine)

• The two stroke engine

employs the crankcase as
well as the cylinder to
achieve all the elements of
the Otto cycle in only two
strokes of the piston.

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I.C Engine Funda (2- S Engine)

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I.C Engine Fundamentals

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I.C Engine Fundamentals

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 I.C Engine Fundamentals

The Two Stroke Engine

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 I.C Engine Fundamentals

The Two Stroke Engine

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 The 2 Stroke Diesel Cycle
• The biggest diesel engines in use operate on the two stroke
principle.
• The two stroke Diesel engine does not mix fuel or oil with the
combustion air.
• The crankshaft bearings are lubricated from pressurised oil in
the same way as a four stroke engine.
• 2 stroke engines with an exhaust valve mounted in the
cylinder head are known as uniflow scavenged engines.
This is because the flow of scavenging air is in one (uni)
direction.
1. The crankshaft is revolving and the piston is moving
up the cylinder, compressing the charge of air.
• Its pressure and temperature increase.
• By the time the piston is approaching the top of
the cylinder the pressure is over 100 bar and the
temperature over 500°C.
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2. Just before TDC fuel is injected into the cylinder by the
fuel injector and these droplets heat up very quickly and
start to burn as the piston passes over TDC.
• The expanding gas from the fuel burning in the
oxygen forces the piston down the cylinder, turning
the crankshaft.

3. As the piston moves down the cylinder, the useful

energy from the burning fuel is expended.
• At about 110° after TDC the exhaust valve opens
and the hot exhaust gas begin to leave the
cylinder.

4. At about 140º after TDC the piston uncovers a set of ports

known as scavenge ports. Pressurized air enters the
cylinder via these ports and pushes the remaining exhaust
gas from the cylinder in a process known as "scavenging".
• The piston now goes past Bottom Dead Centre and
starts moving up the cylinder, closing off the scavenge
ports. The exhaust valve then closes and compression
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 Comparison of SI & CI Engines
Description SI Engine CI Engine

Basic Cycle Otto Cycle Heat addition @ V=C Diesel cycle, Heat addition @P=C

Gasoline, Highly volatile fuel, self Diesel oil, non volatile fuel, self-
Fuel
ignition temp is high ignition temp is comparatively low

Fuel-air mixture introduced during Fuel directly injected to the com.

Introduction of
suction stroke (Carburettor is Chamber at high pressure (fuel pump
Fuel
necessary) and injector is necessary

Throttle controls the quantity of The quantity of fuel is regulated in

Load control
mixture introduce the pump. Air quantity is not control

Required an ignition system with Ignition system & sparkplug are not
Ignition
spark plug necessary

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 Comparison of SI & CI Engines
Description SI Engine CI Engine

Compression 6-10, upper limit is fixed by anti 16-20 upper limit is limited by weight
ratio knock quantity of fuel increase of the engine

They are high speed engines (light They are low speed engines ( heavy
Speed
weight & homogeneous combustion) weight & heterogeneous combustion)

Thermal Lower thermal Efficiency (lower Higher thermal efficiency (higher

Efficiency compression ratio compression ratio)

weight Lighter due to lower peak pressure Heavier due to higher peak pressure

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 Comparison of 2-S & 4-S Engines
4-S Engines 2-S Engine

The cycle is completed in two strokes of

The cycle completed in 4 strokes of piston
the piston or one power strokes obtained
or 2-revo. of crankshaft
in every revo. of crakshaft

Turning moment is not uniform & hence a Turning moment is more uniform & hence
heavier flywheel is needed a lighter flywheel can be used

Power produced for the same size of

The power produced for the same size engine is more (Theoretically twice,
engine is less (2 revo gives 1 power) actually 1.3 times) due to 1 Power stroke
in 1 revo. Of Cra Sh)

Greater cooling & lubrication

Lesser cooling & lubrication requirement
requirements
Lower rate of wear & tear
Higher rate of wear & tear
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 Comparison of SI & CI Engines
4-S Engines 2-S Engine
Contains valve & Valve mechanisms to open No valves but ports (some 2-s engines are
& close valves fitted with exhaust valves)

The initial cost is very high (because of Initial cost of the engine is less (because of
heavy wt. & complicated valve mechanism) light wt. & simplicity)

Volumetric Efficiency is more (because of Volumetric Efficiency is low (because of

more time for induction) lesser time for induction)

Thermal Efficiency is higher, part load Thermal Efficiency is less, part load
efficiency is better efficiency is poor compared 4-s engine

Used where Efficiency is important Used where low cost, compactness & Light
( in Cars, Buses, aero planes, etc… Wt. are important (in Motercycles

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