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2
OSI Model
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 OSI means Open System Interconnect model.

 Developed by the International Organization for

Standardization in 1974.

 It consists of seven layers.

 Each layer has a different but specific processing

function.
ISO - Organization for Standardization.

 International standards organisation is responsible

for a wide range of standards, including many that
are relevant to computer networking.
 In 1984 , the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
Reference Model was approved as an international
standard for communications architecture.
Figure. Tasks involved in sending a letter
OSI Model Layers
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Layer - 7 Application Advice

Upper Layer
Layer - 6 Presentation Person or
Software Layer
Layer - 5 Session Sales

Layer - 4 Transport Heart of OSI

Take

Layer - 3 Network Not

Lower Layer
Layer - 2 Data Link Do or
Hardware Layer
Layer - 1 Physical Please
Application Layer

7 Application Layer is
Application
Application responsible for providing
Networking Services to user.
Presentation It also known as Desktop Layer.
Identification of Services is
Session done using Port Numbers.
e.g. HTTP,FTP, SMTP,
Transport SIP,IMAP,DNS

Network
Ports are nothing but Socket i.e.
Entry and Exit Point to the Layer
Data Link

Physical Total No. Ports 0 – 65535

Reserved Ports 0 – 1023
Open Ports 1024 – 65535
Example of FTP request
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com

Client FTP Server

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Example of FTP request

FTP Request
FTP Request
Received FTP Reply Listen on
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com
ftp://ftp.microsoft.com Port 21
Sending FTP Reply

Client FTP Server

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Examples of Networking Services
Service Port No.
10

HTTP 80

FTP 21

SMTP 25

TELNET 23

TFTP 69
How data flows from Application Layer

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Application Data

80 21 25 53 67 69

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical
Presentation Layer

Presentation Layer is
Application responsible for converting data
into standard format.
Presentation
Presentation
Examples : ASCII, EBCDIC, JPEG,
Session
MPEG, BMP, MIDI, WAV, MP3
Transport
Following tasks are perform at
Network Presentation layer :

Data Link Encoding – Decoding

Encryption – Decryption
Physical Compression – Decompression

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How data flows from Presentation Layer
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Application Data

Presentation Data

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical
Session Layer

Session Layer is responsible

Application establishing, maintaining and
terminating session.
Presentation
Session ID also works at Session
Layer.
Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

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How data flows from Session Layer

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Application Data

Presentation Data

Session Data

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical
Transport Layer

Transport Layer is
Application responsible for end-to-end
connectivity. It is also known as
Presentation heart of OSI Layers. Following
task are performed at Transport
Session Layer : -

Transport
Transport • Identifying Service

Network • Multiplexing & De-multiplexing

• Segmentation
Data Link
• Sequencing & Reassembling
Physical • Flow Control
• Error Detection
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Identifying Service

TCP UDP

• Transmission Control • User Datagram

Protocol Protocol

• Connection Oriented • Connection Less

• Acknowledgement • No Acknowledgement

• Reliable • Unreliable

• Slower • Faster

• Port No. 6 • Port No. 17

• e.g. HTTP, FTP, SMTP • e.g. DNS, DHCP,

TFTP,SNMP
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Multiplexing & De-multiplexing

Application

Presentation

Session

80 21 25 53 67 69

Transport

TCP - 6 UDP - 17

Network

Data Link

Physical
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Segmentation

Hello! Hello! How are you ?

How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ?

A B

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Sequencing & Reassembling

Hello! Hello! How are you ? Hello!

How are How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You Hello! How ? Are

4/5 1/5 2/5 5/5 3/5

A B

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Error Detection

Segment Missing
Hello! Hello! How are you ? Hello!
How are How are
you ? Hello! How Are You ? you ?
1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5

You Hello! How ? Are

4/5 1/5 2/5 5/5 3/5

A B

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Flow Control - Windowing

Ack-Rec- PC-A
Ack.
Sending
3 Received
Received-
3-window
Sending
can send 4 Segment3-window
4-window
4 at a time to
5-window
PC-B

A B

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How data flows from Transport Layer
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Application Data

Presentation Data

Session Data

Transport TH
Segment
Data

Network

Data Link

Physical
Network Layer

Network Layer is
Application responsible for providing best
path to data to reach destination.
Presentation Logical Addressing sits on this
layer. Device working on Network
Session Layer is Router.

Transport It is divided into two parts

• Routed Protocols
Network
Network
e.g. IP, IPX, Apple Talk.
Data Link • Routing Protocols

Physical e.g. RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP

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Routed Protocols

Segment

Hello!
How are
you ? Source IP Hello!
192.168.1.1
How are
Destination
Segment IP
192.168.1.2 you ?

A B

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
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How data flows from Network Layer

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Application Data

Presentation Data

Session Data

e.g. Router Transport Segment

Network NHPacket
Segment

Data Link

Physical
Datalink Layer

Data link Layer is

Application divided into two Sub Layers :

Presentation
• LLC – Logical Link Control
Session It talks about Wan protocols e.g.
PPP, HDLC, Frame-relay
Transport
• MAC – Media Access Control
Network It talks about Physical Address.
It is 48 bit Addressing
Data
Data Link i.e. 12 digit Hexadecimal No.
It is also responsible for Error
Physical Detection
Device working on Data Link
Layer is Switch, Bridge, NIC.
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Error Detection – CRC Check

Packet
PC-A
Hello!
CRC No. 33333
How are PC-B
you ? Source MAC
CRC No. 11114
00-20-18-C0-07-71
Error33333
11114
46323
99434
43434
99323
55434
89696
22222
32434
00000
Detected
Error Detected
Destination
Packet MAC
00-20-18-C0-07-72

For Error Correction

Contact Source Transport layer
A B

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
28 00-20-18-C0-07-71 00-20-18-C0-07-72
How data flows from Data Link Layer

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Application Data

Presentation Data

Session Data

Transport Segment

e.g. Switch Network Packet

Data Link DH Frame

Packet DT

Physical
Physical Layer

Physical Layer is
Application responsible for electrical,
mechanical or procedural checks.
Presentation Data will be converted in Binary
that is 0’s & 1’s. Data will be in the
Session form of electrical pulses if it is
Coaxial or Twisted Pair cable and in
Transport the form of Light if it is Fiber Optic
Cable.
Network
Devices working at Physical Layer
Data Link are Hubs, Repeaters, Cables,
Modems etc.
Physical

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Physical Layer Example

Frame

Hello!
How are
you ?
1010101010101010
Frame

A 0101011010101010101010101
1010101101010101010101010
0101011010101010101010101 B

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How data flows from Physical Layer

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Application Data

Presentation Data

Session Data

Transport Segment

Network Packet

e.g. Hub Data Link Frame

Physical Bits
Encapsulation.
Layers of OSI Reference Model.
 Data Encapsulation & De-capsulation

A B
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Application Data Data Application

Presentation Data Data Presentation

Session Data Data Session

Transport TH TH
Transport
Data
Segment TH
Segment
Data

Network NH
Packet
Segment NHPacket
Segment NetworkNH

Data Link DHFrameDT

Packet DTFrameDH
Packet
Packet DH
DT
Data Link

Physical Bits Bits Physical

Comparing OSI with TCP/IP Layers

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OSI Layers TCP/IP Layers

Application

Presentation Application

Session

Transport Transport

Network Internet

Data Link
Network
Access
Physical
OSI Layers (1)
 Physical
 Bottommost layer
 Implements an unreliable bit link
 Uses synchronization bits to synchronize the receiver
 Specify the modulation scheme
 Physical interface between devices
 Mechanical
 Electrical
 Functional
 Procedural
 For activating, maintaining and deactivating the physical link
between communicating network systems
Data Link Layer.
 The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from
one hop (node) to the next.
 The major duties of the data link layer are:
 Framing
 Physical addressing:
 Physical address is the MAC address, which is hard coded
into NIC and is of 48-bit represented by Hexadecimal
format.
 00.27.AB.CC.EE.23
00.27.AB-Vendor
CC.EE.23-User
 Cmd Ipconfig/all to show the system details
 Flow control
 Error Control
 Access Control
 Data Link layer protocols are CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, Token passing etc.
OSI Layers (2)
 Data Link
 Supervises transmission of packets by physical layer
 Means of activating, maintaining and deactivating a reliable link
 Adds sequence number and CRC
 Error detection and control
 Encapsulation and Decapsulation are performed
 Regulates the access to the link
 Higher layers may assume error free transmission
 A) Medium Access Control
MAC address will be added
B) Logical Link Control
CRC will be added
Data Link Layer.
Data Link Layer
Network Layer.

 The network layer is responsible for the source -to-

destination delivery of a packet possibly across
multiple networks.
 Ittwo systems are connected to the same link, there is
usually no need for a network layer.
 However, if the two systems are attached to different
networks with connecting devices between the networks,
there is need for the network layer to accomplish the
delivery.
 The major duties performed by the network layer
are:
Network Layer.

 Logical addressing:
 Logical address is also called IP address which is of 32-bits
and represented in decimal format.
 192.168.32.97
 Routing:
 To route the packets from the source to destination in an
internetwork, the router uses network layer information.
 The PDU of network layer is packet.
 Network layer protocols are IP, IPX, AppleTalk.
 Routing protocol-RIP , OSPF, BGP
 Routed Protocol - IP, IPX, AppleTalk
which layer ?
Which Layer ?
Example
Network Layer.
Network Layer