REF 615 Protection Applications

Jaakko Leskinen, ABB Medium Voltage Products, Distribution Automation, November 2018
REF 615 Protection Applications

Part 3
Interconnection, voltage and frequency protection
Content
Interconnection protection
 Low voltage ride-thorough protection
 Directional power protection (reverse power protection)
 Loss of mains protection
 Vector shift protection
 Rate-of-change of frequency (ROCOF) protection
 Loss-of-synchronism protection (pole-slip, out-of-step) of synchronous machines
 Directional reactive power undervoltage protection
Frequency protection
 Under- and over frequency protection
 Load shedding
Voltage protection
 Under and over-voltage protection
© ABB Group
January 24, 2019 | Slide 2
Low voltage ride-thorough protection LVTRPTUV
Method of operation
- In case of short circuit fault in the grid, a generator cannot run in synchronism.
Generators start to accelerate
- After the short circuit is cleared, the machines would re-synchronize by force, which
can damage the generartor and the prime mover
- Therefore, it’s necessary to disconnect the generator, when the voltage of the grid
is lost due to a short circuit.
- Typically the disconnetion of generator is made by under-voltage protection
- However, in order to clear the fault, there needs to be sources of fault current
during the fault. Also, the stability of the network requiures that the generators
cannot be disconnected immediately during the fault.
- Grid codes define, how long the fault current should be fed by generating units,
depending on the magnitude of the under-voltage during the fault.
- The magnitude of the under-voltage is depending on the fault location, i.e distance
to the fault and impedances between the generator and the fault location (for
example transformers)
© ABB Group
Example of a grid code, required ride-through voltage capability

of generating unit
© ABB Group
LVTRPTUV, setting parameters
© ABB Group
Directional over-power protection DOPPDPR
Method of operation
 Some large customers, like industrial plants, may have some
own generating capability, which normally does not exceed the
consumption of the customer
 the conditions for the utility connection may prohibit the
customer to feed power to the public network -> reverse power
protection is applied at the interconnetion (forward power
direction is from the utility grid to the custormer’s network)
© ABB Group
Directional over-power protection DOPPDPR
Setting parameters
© ABB Group
Loss-of-mains protection
In case when the connection to the utility grid is broken the local generation unit
becomes an ”island”
- Shut-down of the generation or switching to island operation mode for generator
active power and voltage regulation.
- Detection of loss-of-mains can be done from vector shift of voltages and rapid rate
of change of frequency
© ABB Group
Loss-of-mains protection based of vector shift
- At the instant when the coupling to the network is lost, there is a vector-shift in the
voltages at the generation side
© ABB Group
Loss-of-mains protection based on vector shift
Setting parameters VVSPPAM
© ABB Group
Loss-of-mains protection based on rate of change of
frequency
- When the coupling to the network is lost, the generator start to accelerate or
decelerate depending on the amount of local load. This is seen as increase or
decrease of frequency at the generation side. Large change rate of frequency
indicates loss-of-mains situation.
© ABB Group
Loss-of-mains protection based on rate of change of
frequency
- Setting parameters FRPFRQ, Operation mode df/dt
© ABB Group
Loss of synchronism protection, i.e out-of-step or pole slip
protection for synchronous machines OOSRPSB
- to protect the generator against non-synchronous operation.
Overview of a generator connected to a power-grid, corresponding impedances and

voltage vectors at different locations.
© ABB Group
On the impedance plane:
A) Power swing without pole-slip
B) Pole slip. Single pass = one turn
missed
C) Short circuit. Impedance moves
quickly to the operate zone.
Voltages and currents Voltages and currents Voltages and currents

© ABB Group A) Power swing without pole-slip. B) Pole-slip. C) three-phase short circuit.
• Relay measures impedance at the generator
terminals
• A power swing is detected when the
impedance moves slowly from the load point
towards the center, across the outer and inner
blinders.
• If the impedance passes the blinders on both
left and right side, a pole-slip has occurred.
• Zones are used for determining where the
center of the oscillation occurs: Forward zones
include the coupling impedance to the grid,
while reverse impedance is the reactance of
the generator itself.
© ABB Group
Setting parameters OOSRPSB
© ABB Group
Directional reactive power undervoltage protection DQPTUV
- In severe disturbances in the grid, for example tripping of a large generator, distributed
generation should continue to produce power normally.
- If the loss of large generator leads to lack of reactive power production, the voltage of the
network reduces, i.e. under-voltage problems.
- If in this situation, if the distributed genearation consumes reactive power instead of
producing it, the distributed generation is tripped in order to avoid collapse of the whole
power system.
- Thus the grid code may require the use of directional reactive power undervoltage
protection(Q> -> /U<) at the interconnection point.
© ABB Group
Frequency protection and load shedding
- Unbalance of active power protection and consumption leads to frequency deviation
- Insufficient production of active power -> decreasing frequency
- Too large production of active power -> increasing frequency
-In case of under-frequency, the power system can be protected from collapsing by tripping pre-
determined loads. This is called load-shedding. The loads to be shed are chosen so that tripping
them does not cause other severe problems (for example normal household distribution areas).
Typical load shedding / frequency protection scheme, common for the whole power system
Stage condition comment
1. f< 48.7 Hz, t=20 s 1. Stage of loads

OR
f< 48.5 Hz, t=0.5 s
2. f< 48.5 Hz, t=20 s 2. Stage of loads
OR
f< 48.2 Hz, t=0.5 s
3. f<47.5 Hz t=0.5s 3. Power plants disconnected from the network,
running in island mode (only self supply).
© ABB Group
Frequency protection and load shedding
Setting parameters FRPFRQ
© ABB Group
Voltage protection
 Unbalance of production and consumption of reactive power leads to deviations in opearting

voltage
 Voltage drop due to large load current over a long power line may cause a local under-voltage
problem.
 The purpose of voltage problems is to ensure that the supply voltage to consumers is withing
the allowed range: typically -20%...+10% of Un.
 Voltage protection is also used to protect machines, for example motors. Low operating voltage
leads to increased load current and thus overloading of a motor. Too high operating voltage
may damage the insulation directly.

© ABB Group
Voltage protection
 Voltage protection should preferably measure the phase-to-phase voltages. This prevents
unnecessary starts and operations of voltage protection due to earth faults. During earth faults
the faulted phase voltage drops and the healthy phase’s voltages may increase, depending on
the earthing arrangements of the network.
 When the under-voltage protection measures a bus-voltage, it’s usually necessary to use low-
level blocking-feature. This prevents the tripping when the busbar is de-energized. Typically low
level bloking is set ot 0.2 x Un.
 In 615 series relays the ”xUn” refers always to the phase-to-phase voltage. If the protection is
set to use phase-to-earth voltages, the setting values have to be divided by √3.
© ABB Group
Voltage protection
 Setting parameters, over-voltage protection PHPTOV
© ABB Group
Voltage protection
 Setting parameters, under-voltage protection PHPTUV
© ABB Group

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Jaakko Leskinen, ABB Medium Voltage Products, Distribution Automation, November 2018

Example of a grid code, required ride-through voltage capability

LVTRPTUV, setting parameters

Setting parameters VVSPPAM

Overview of a generator connected to a power-grid, corresponding impedances and

Voltages and currents Voltages and currents Voltages and currents

1. f< 48.7 Hz, t=20 s 1. Stage of loads

 Unbalance of production and consumption of reactive power leads to deviations in opearting

 Setting parameters, over-voltage protection PHPTOV

 Setting parameters, under-voltage protection PHPTUV

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