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PRELIMINARY TOPICS
ROSARIO E. RAMIREZ, RN,RM,MSN
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT & CONCEPTS IN
HEALTH EDUCATION
- biological - physical
- environmental - medical
-psychological
Any combination of planned learning
experiences based on sound theories that
provide individuals, groups , and
communities the opportunity to acquire
information and the skills needed to make
quality health decisions.
WHO definition “ comprises of consciously
constructed opportunities for learning
involving some form of communication
designed to improve health literacy,
including improving knowledge and
developing life skills which are conducive
to individual and community health.
ISSUES AND TRENDS IN HEALTH
EDUCATION
SOCIAL – demographic trends like aging
of the population requires emphasis on
self reliance and maintenance of a
healthy life status over an extended
lifespan particularly dealing with
degenerative diseases and disabilities;
lifestyle-related diseases which are the
major cause of morbidity and mortality
and highly preventable and will need
more intensive health education
efforts.
ECONOMIC –the shifts in payer coverage ,
emphasis on managed care and earlier hospital
discharge, and the issue on reimbursement for
health services provided require more intensive
patient education to allow the patient and his
family a more independent , compliant and
confident management of care
POLITICAL – THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT HAS FORMULATED
NATIONAL GOALS AND
OBJECTIVES DIRECTED TOWARDS
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
EFFECTIVE HEALTH EDUCATION
PROGRAMS WHICH WILL CREATE
AWARENESS OF HEALTH RISKS
AND ENCOURAGE THE ADOPTION
OF HEALTHY LIFESTYLES.
HEALTH ISSUES
Biological, Psychological
and Sociological Aspects of
Health and Disease.
GEORGE L. ENGEL
A psychiatrist at the University of Rochester
Introduced the Biopsychosocial model or BPS in
1977.
He advocated the need for a new medical model
to explain health and disease
PERCEPTIONS, THOUGHTS,
EMOTIONS, ATTITUDES
BEHAVIORS
SOCIAL FACTORS
SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS
CULTURAL BELIEFS AND PRACTICES
POVERTY
TECHNOLOGY
UP TO DATE
FASHIONABLE
PRESENT DAY
MODERN DAY
EXISTING
CONTEMPORARY HEALTH AND
PROMOTION OF OPTIMAL HEALTH
THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN
Health Educator is faced with enormous
challenges as well as opportunities due to
increasing demand of the society.
A return to population-based health promotion
and maintenance vis-à-vis the hospital- based
emphasis and emphasis is on health of the
community and the adaptation of healthy
behaviors and lifestyle through health
empowerment of the people.
Health educator is also considered as the
COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER whose main
concern is to improve the health of the people by
using different methods and strategies.
THE call for developing global health strategies
with the integration of health education and
action is now a clamor that can no longer be
ignored.
GLOBALIZATION WAR
TERRORISM SOCIAL INSTABILITY
DISEASE POVERTY
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
B. Interpersonal
C. Community
4 MOST COMMONLY USED HEALTH
THEORIES
Behavior
Environmental influences
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
Emphasizes that cognition plays a critical role in
people’s capability to construct reality, self
regulate, encode information and perform
behaviors.
In 1077, he introduced the concept of self efficacy
SELF –EFFICACY - is the single most
important aspect of the sense of self that
determines one’s effort to change behavior
according to Bandura. It is equated with self-
confidence in one’s ability to successfully perform
a specific type of action.
Example: A person may experience high level of
self-efficacy in preparing low salt, low cholesterol
diet but very little self-efficacy.
A person can increase self-efficacy through:
a. Personal mastery of a task
b. Observing the performance of others(vicarious
experience)
c. Verbal persuasion such as receiving suggestions
from others
d. Arousal of her/his emotional state. In the
construct of emotional coping responses, a
person must be able to deal with any sources of
anxiety surrounding that behavior in order to
learn.
BECKER’S HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
Health belief model was one of the first models
originally introduced by a group of psychologists
in the 1950’s to find out why people refused to
use available preventive services such as chest x-
rays for TB screening and immunizations for
influenza.
HBM was originally developed to help explain
certain health related behaviors, it has also
helped to guide the search for why these
behaviors occur and to identify points for possible
change and to design change strategies like
developing messages that are likely to persuade
an individual to make a healthy decision.
4 CONSTRUCTS WHICH REPRESENT THE
PERCEIVED THREAT AND NET BENEFITS