Fatima

KREBS CYCE
Krebs cycle

 • It was named after the Hans Adolf Krebs who discovered it in 1937.
 • It is also known by several other names:
 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)
 • Citric Acid Cycle
 • This cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
 • It is the series of biochemical reactions in which the acetyl portion of
acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide and the reduced coenzymes
FADH2 and NADH are produced.
 • The Krebs cycle is what is known as Amphibolic, in that it is both catabolic
(breaks down molecules) and anabolic (builds molecules).
 • It is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to
generate energy through the oxidization of acetate derived from
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide
 • Each stage in the cycle (and in the link reaction—pyruvate conversion
into acetyl CoA) occurs twice for every glucose molecule that enters
glycolysis, because 2 pyruvate molecules are produced for each glucose.
 • The eight steps of the citric acid cycle are a series of redox, dehydration,
hydration, and decarboxylation reactions.
 • Each turn of the cycle forms one GTP or ATP as well as three NADH
molecules and one FADH2 molecule, which will be used in further steps of
cellular respiration to produce ATP for the cell.
Unlocking of Terms

• Oxidation – removal of electrons from a molecule. This

subsequently lowers the energy content of a molecule.

• Most biological oxidations involve the loss of hydrogen

atoms. This type of oxidation is referred to as a
dehydrogenation. The enzymes that catalyzes these
reactions are called dehydrogenases.

• Gain of oxygen atoms

 • Reduction – opposite of oxidation. It is the addition of electrons to a
molecule.
 • When a molecule is oxidized, the liberated hyrdride ions (H-) do not
remain free in the cell. In order to harness the energy of these electrons,
they are immediately transferred to another compound by coenzymes.
 • Loss of oxygen atoms
 • Phosphorylation - accomplished by transferring a phosphate group to
ADP • Decarboxylation – carbon chain is shortened by the removal of a
carbon atom (COO-) as CO2
 Isomerization - is the process by which one molecule is transformed into
another molecule which has exactly the same atoms
 • Deh hydration – removing of water molecules • Hydration – addition of
water molecules
 Link Reaction between Glycolysis and Krebs
Cycle -Pyruvate conversion to Acetyl CoA
 • Pyruvate is transported across the mitochondrion’s inner membrane and
into the inner compartment, called the matrix.
 • An enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase complex splits each molecule of
pyruvate into a molecule of CO2 and a two-carbon acetyl group.
• The CO2 diffuses out of the cell, and the
acetyl group combines with a molecule
called coenzyme A (abbreviated as CoA).
The product of this reaction is acetyl-CoA.
• NAD+ is changed to its reduced form,
NADH that will enter the Electron Transport
Chain.
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