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Lecture 2: Young’s Modulus of Elasticity
Introduction
It's the easiest metal to deform out of these four with modulus of elasticity right in
the 10 to 11 Mpsi range. And then, cast iron, slightly stiffer. Titanium is up in the
16 to 18 mega psi range. And then, steel is right around the 30 mega psi range.
Okay, so it's important to understand the critical differences between the modulus
of elasticity and the strength.
Strength and E
So we talked about how the strength is a
point of interest. It could be, the yield
strength, where past that strength you get
permanent deformation of the material,
and that's capacity of the component and
the material. With modulus of elasticity, it
can really be thought of as a non-
geometric stiffness, and it is the slope of
the stress-strain curve.
E in Material Selection
In the same material, the modulus of elasticity won't vary a
lot depending on alloying, but the strength will. So, for
example, 1025 steel that's been annealed has a modulus
of elasticity of 29, and a strength of 36. But 4340 steel
that's been quenched and tempered. So, different alloy
different processing, has the same Young's modulus, or
modulus of elasticity, of 29, but a significantly higher yield
strength of 214. And so, then if we go down and we look at
aluminum, aluminum has a Young's modulus, or modulus
elasticity, of 10.5, and a strength of 54 KSI. So, when we
look at the comparison down here on our left, we can see
that for modulus elasticity, the aluminum is much lower
than the steels, even though the steels are different alloys.
But for the yield strength of aluminum versus steel, we see
that 1025 steel is actually less strong than aluminum, which
is significantly less strong than 4340 steel. So, you start to
see variations in strength depending on the alloying of
steel, but not these high variations in the modulus of
elasticity. And that's important to keep in mind when you're
designing components.
E in Material Selection
So, when we look at the material selection in design, and we
look at when is the modulus of elasticity important, it
becomes really important when you are doing stress analysis
and FEA because it's intrinsic to the material, so you need to
make sure that your material properties are correct,
especially when you're setting up your FEA. It's critical when
you're trying to prevent deflection in a constrained geometry.
And then, there's a couple of things called critical speed and
buckling. And these are very, very dependent on the
modulus of elasticity. So, critical speed is something we
worry about, especially in shafts, which are rotating, so metal
cylinders that connect let say a motor. Buckling, this is
something you should have learned about in mechanics of
materials. And you can see right here that buckling is
dependent on the modulus of elasticity and the geometry.
What's interesting about that is it's a failure mode that really
doesn't have a lot to do with the strength of the material, and
has everything to do with the geometry and modulus of the
material. And then, another time it comes in really critical is
to prosthetics and biomaterials. There's all sorts of different
applications from how biological cells react to a material
based off of its modulus, to things like stress shielding.