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PROPORTIONING OF
RETAINING WALLS
1
Retaining walls are structures used to provide
stability of earth or other material where
conditions disallow the mass to assume its
natural slope.
Common Types of retaining walls
Gravity walls:-
made of plain concrete or stone masonry
depends upon its weight for stability
trapezoidal in section with the base projecting beyond the face and
back of the wall.
no tensile stress in any portion of the wall
economically used for walls less than 6m high
2
3
Cantilever walls
made of reinforced concrete material
inverted T-shaped in section with each
projecting acts as a cantilever
economically used for walls 6 to 7.5m high
Heal
4
Counterfort walls
made of reinforced concrete materials
consists of cantilever wall with vertical brackets
known as counterfort placed behind face of wall
ordinarily used for walls height greater than 6.0m
Counterfort
5
4. Buttress walls
same as counterfort except that the vertical
brackets are on the opposite side of the backfill
Vertical stem
Toe
Heal
6
Common Proportions of Retaining walls
50
lh = 10 to 15cm H
lt = Df/2 to Df
Df = H/8 to
H/6
B = H/2 to ⅔ H 7
II) CANTILEVER WALL
Min. 30cm
1
50
bs H
lt = B/3
Df = H/12 to H/10
B = 0.4 to 0.7H
bs = H/12 to H/10
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iii) Counterfort wall
Min. 30cm
50
H
bs = H/14 to H/12
Df = H/14 to H/12 Min. 30cm
B = 0.4 to 0.7H
9
Forces on Retaining Walls
The forces that should be considered in the design of
retaining walls include
Active and passive earth pressures
Dead weight including the weight of the wall and portion of soil
mass that is considered to act on the retaining structure
Surcharge including live loads, if any
Water pressure, if any
Contact pressure under the base of the structure
10
Stability of Retaining Walls
Retaining
walls should be designed to provide
adequate stability against sliding, overturning,
foundation bearing failure and overall or deep
foundation failure.
Factor of safety
Sum of moments to resist overturning M s
= Sum of overturning moments Mo
qt Rv 6e
1
qh B B
Where e= eccentricity of Rv
14
15
16
Earth Pressure & Retaining Walls
o Introduction
o Earth Pressures
o Rankine’s Theory
o Coulomb’s Theory
At-rest Pressure
Active Pressure
Passive Pressure
K 0 1 sin (NC)
C
K 0 1 sin OCR
sin
(OC) OCR
CE 3044-Foundation Engineering Z 0
RANKINE’S THEORY
ACTIVE CONDITION
45o+Ф/2
90o+Ф
ACTIVE CONDITION
45o-Ф/2
90o+Ф
CE 3044-Foundation Engineering
COULOMB’S THEORY
cos 2
Ka
sin w sin
2
cos cos w 1
2
cos w cos
COULOMB’S THEORY (PASSIVE COND.)
1
Pp H 2 K p
2
1
Pph H 2 K p cos w
2
1
Ppv H 2 K p sin w
2
Pp/b
w
cos 2
Kp
sin w sin
2
cos cos w 1
2
cos w cos