The Role of

Philosophy of Science
in a Medical Research

Prof.DR.Dr. Thaufiq Boesoirie,MS., Sp.THT-KL (K)

 If you have a problem,

How can you get a valid answer

conforms to a scientific norm ?

2
 SOLVING
PROBLEM ANSWER

KNOWLEDGE SOLVING

THE VALID THE VALID

HOW COULD KNOWLEDGE ANSWER
KNOWLEDGE
BE VALID ?
SCIENTIFIC
METHOD

3
 Problem example :

Can kedacillin be used as a prophylactic

antibiotic for meningoencephalitis due to
a severe skullbase fractures ?

Answer possibilities:
Yes, it can be used
No, it can not be used

4
 If it can be used, why ?
Basic logical reasoning :
1.87% of the etiologi of meningoencephalitis due to severe
skullbase fractures are p.aeruginosa (research)
2.Sensitivity test : p.aeruginosa is sensitive to kedacillin
(research)
3.To cure a meningoencephalitis, an antibiotic must has an
ability to penetrate blood brain barrier (general concept)
4.Penicillin and its derivates can penetrate the blood-brain
barrie (general concept)
5.Kedacillin is a derivate of penicillin (general concept)

PREMISES
 Conclusion ?
( Hypothesis )
BASED ON A LOGICAL SCIENTIFIC REASONING

Temporary answer
(Hypothesis)
Kedacillin can be used as a prophylactic antibiotic
for meningoencephalitis due to severe skullbase
fractures
6
 PROBLEM

GENERAL CONCEPT RESEARCH RESULTS:

THEORY
SYNTHESIS
ANALYSIS
GENERALIZATION
SPECIFICATION

DEDUCTIVE INDUCTIVE
THINKING THINKING

INTERACTION
TEMPORARY
ANSWER

HYPOTHESIS

50% of Research is Reading 7

 BUT ……………….!
The Hypothesis (logic-rational) is true,
only if supported by the facts (tested-verified)

Scientific method
Rational-Tested

Logico – Hypothetico - Verificative

Philosophy of Science
8
 Question :
Does oxytocin i.v. causes
tachycardia?

Answer possibilities:
1. Yes, it does
2. No , it doesn’t
 If it causes tachycardia, why?
Basic Logical reasonings (premises)

1. 90% of the oxytocin receptors are in smooth muscles (research)

2. Oxytocin produce relaxation of smooth muscles

(general concept)

3. Tunica media of arterias consist of smooth muscles

(general concept)

4. Relaxation of the arterial smooth muscles cause vasodilatadion

(general concept)

5. Vasodilatation produce hypotension

(general concept)

Conclussion ?
 Conclussion:
Hypotension cause tachycardia, or

Oxytocin cause tachycardia

Temporary answer
( Hypothesis )
PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE :
AN ACADEMIC FIELD WHICH STUDIES THE
PHENOMENON OF SCIENCE

IT WILL ANSWER SOME QUESTIONS :

• WHAT IS A SCIENCE ?
• WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SCIENCE
AND KNOWLEDGE ?
• HOW CAN WE MAKE A VALID SCIENCTIFIC
CONCLUSION ?
• WHAT KIND OF ABILITY/INSTRUMENTS DOES
SOMEONE NEED TO THINK SCIENTIFICALLY ?
12
 HUMAN BEING
KNOWLEDGE

o LANGUAGE :-TO COMMUNICATE

-TO INFORM THEIR
WAY THINKING
o LOGICAL RATIONAL THINKING

DEVELOPING

LOGICAL THINKING
o THE ABILITY TO THINK/ A FORM OF
REASONING
13
 THINKING/REASONING
 AN ACTIVITY TO FIND THE TRUTH OF KNOWLEDGE
 CRITERIA OF TRUTH : RELATIVE

LOGICAL
BASED ON REASONING

ANALYTICAL
THE WAY OF
THINKING
ILLOGICAL
NOT BASED ON
REASONING
NON-ANALYTICAL
14
BASED ON REASONING :

- LOGIC : ACTIVITY OF THINKING BASED ON

A CERTAIN PATTERN OF REASONING

LOGICAL & ILLOGICAL

DEPENDS ON THE POINT OF VIEW

- ANALYTIC
ACTIVITY OF THINKING BASE ON APPLYING
CERTAIN STEPS/RULES TO ANALYZE A PROBLEM
15
WITH NO REASONING :

 FEELING
 INTUITION
NON-ANALYTIC THINKING ACTIVITY
WITHOUT A CERTAIN PATTERN OF THINKING
 REVELATION

16
 FACT/RATIONALE RATIONALISME

KNOWLEDGE EXPERIENCE EMPIRICALISM

SOURCE

REVELATION BELIEF

17
AN EXAMPLE :

CAUSE OF GEITING DRUNK

PLAIN WATER + WHISKEY DRUNK

PLAIN WATER + WHISKEY + KRETEK DRUNK
PLAIN WATER + PEUYEUM DRUNK
PLAIN WATER + TUAK DRUNK

CONCLUSION
CAUSE OF GETTING DRUNK
IS WATER

NOT-VALID
18
 SCIENTIFIC REASONING

TO ANALYZE DEDUCTIVE THINKING

THE VALIDITY (RATIONALISM)

INDUCTIVE THINKING
(EMPIRICALISM)

PRODUCE
KNOWLEDGE

DEDUCTIVE : SPECIFIC CONCLUSION DRAWNFROM

SOME GENERAL STATEMENTS

INDUCTIVE :GENERAL CONCLUSION DRAWN FROM

19

SOME SPECIFIC STATEMENTS

 DEDUCTIVE :
GENERAL SPECIFIC
DEDUCTIVE : SYLLOGISM OF THINKING

2 STATEMENTS
(MAYOR PREMISE, MINOR PREMISE)

MAKE THE CONCLUSION

Example of sylogism

- All creatures have eyes (Mayor premise)

- Husin is a creature (Minor premise)

SO : HUSIN HAS EYES (CONCLUSION)

20
- ALL CREATURES HAVE EYES
- HUSEIN HAS EYES

SO : ALL OF CREATURES ARE HUSEIN

WRONG
SHOULD BE :
HUSEIN IS A CREATURE

21
ALL ANIMALS HAVE EYES
HUSEIN HAS EYES

CONCLUSION
HUSEIN IS AN ANIMAL

22
INDUCTIVE
SYNTHESIS

SPESIFIC GENERAL

Example :
• WE ATE 10 GREEN APPLES
ALL WERE SOUR

• IF WE ATE THE 11TH GREEN APPLE

PREDICTION SOUR
CONCLUSION.: ALL GREEN ORANGES ARE SOUR

INDUCTION : NO DEFINITIVE CONCLUSION

ONLY PROBABILITIES

23
A VALID CONCLUSION DEPENDS ON :

1. THE TRUTH OF THE MAJOR PREMISE

2. THE TRUTH OF THE MINOR PREMISE

3. VALIDITY OF MAKING THE CONCLUSION

EXPL :

- ALL CITIZENS SHOULD PAY THE TAX

- THE POOR ARE CITIZENS

SO : THE POOR SHOULD PAY THE TAX

24
FALSE
 TO GET THE TRUTH

DOUBT EVERYTHING

DE OMNIBUS DUBITANDUM !
(RENE DESCARTES)

IN SHAKESPEARE
HAMLET SAID TO OPHELIA

DOUBT THOU THE STARS A FIRE

DOUBT THE SUN DOTH MOVE
DOUBT TRUTH TO BE A LIAR
BUT ………. NEVER DOUBT I LOVE 25
 THEORY OF (DEDUCTIVE/
COHERENCE IDEALISM)

CRITERIA THEORY OF (EMPIRICAL)

OF TRUTH CORRESPONDENCE

THEORY OF (PRACTICAL)
PRAGMATICS

26
THEORY OF COHERENCE : (PLATO & ARISTOTELES)

A PROPOSITION MAY BE ACCEPTED AS TRUE IF

IT COHERES WITH OTHER PROPOSITIONS WHICH
ARE KNOWN TO BE TRUE
BUT IT IS NOT SUGGESTED THAT THE TRUTH OF
THESE PROPOSITIONS LIES IN THEIR COHERENCE

EXAMPLE : 3+4 = 7 3 + 4 = 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1+1+1+1+1+1+1

MATH IS PROVED BY COHERENCE THEORY.

AXIOM THEOREM 27
 THEORY OF CORRESPONDENCE (BERTRAND RUSSEL
THE CLAIM THAT TRUTH IS :
 IN AGREEMENT WITH REALITY
 THAT IS CONSISTS OF A CORRESPONDENCE
BETWEEN A STATEMENT AND THE WAY THINGS ARE
 A RELATIONAL PROPERTY, THAT WHATEVER IS
TRUE (SENTENCE, STATEMENT, PROPOSITION)
IS TRUE BY ITS RELATION TO SOMETHING ELSE,
USUALLY A FACT
EXAMPLE :
THE CAPITAL OF THE REPUBLIK OF INDONESIA
IS JAKARTA
TRUE : BECAUSE THAT STATEMENT
CORRESPONDS WITH THE OBJECT
AS A FACT. 28
THEORY OF PRAGMATICS (CHARLES PIERCE)

IDEAS BECOME TRUE JUST SO FAR AS THEY

HELP US TO GET INTO SATISFACTORY RELATIONS
WITH OTHER PARTS OF OUR EXPERIENCE.
(FOR ACTUAL USE ONLY).

29
RATIONALISM
Based on Deductive Thinking
RATIONAL THINKING
RECOGNIZING
THE PROBLEM

FORMULATE THE IDEAS

P R E M I S E S
DEDUCTIVE
THINKING

PRINCIPLES UNDERSTAND
UNDERLYING THE PHENOMENON
THE PROBLEM
CHARACTER :
 ABSTRACT
 APART FROM EXPERIENCES
 HAS A SUBJECTIVE TENDENCY 30
 DEDUCTIVE : THE BASIC OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 EMPIRICISM
(Based on Inductive Thinking)
EXPERIENCE

CAUGHT BY SENSES

CHARACTERISTIC SYMPTOMS
REGULARITY

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
INDUCTIVE
CHARACTER :  DESCRIPTIVE
 INCONSISTENT
 LIMITATION OF SENSES

INDUCTIVE : THE BASIC OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

EINSTEIN : INDUCTIVE METHOD :

NO POSSIBILITY TO DEVELOP 31
A BASIS OF SCIENCE
 DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE

MYTH & SUPERSTITION

GODS AND GODDESSES

COMMON SENSE
(TRIAL AND ERROR)
o QUANTITATIVE
APPLIED ART o DESCRIPTIVE
o PHENOMENAL
 IRRIGATIONS o NARROW SCOPE
 MONUMENTS o IT DOESN’T
BOROBUDUR DEVELOP
PYRAMID THE THEORY
 TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 32
 COMMON SENSE
(Trial & Error)
 THE BEGINNING OF SCIENCE
 ACCORDING TO RANDELL & BUCHLER
o KNOWLEDGE THROUGH EXPERIENCES
o UNINTENTIONAL
o SPORADIC
 ACCORD TO TITUS
o CHARACTERIZED BY REPETITION/HABIT/TRADITION
o BASICALLY UNCLEAR
o UNTESTED KNOWLEDGE
EXPL : THE SUN GOES AROUND
THE EARTH

33
DOGMATIC
 SUPERSTITION

COMMON SENSE

APPLIED ART SCIENCE

RATIONALISM EMPIRICISM

34
RATIONALISM DEDUCTIVE

SOMETIMES CONCLUSION IS TRUE

IN A LOGICAL MANNER.
BUT IT IS CONTRADICTORY WITH
THE REALITY/FACT

HOW COULD THE SCIENCE BE DEVELOPED TO,

AT THE SAME TIME, REFLECT THE REAL FACT
AND USE A RATIONAL EXPLANATION?

35
 RATIONALISM + EMPIRICISM

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
o THEORETICAL EXPLANATION
o EMPIRICAL PROOF

FIRST DEVELOPED BY MOSLEM SCIENTISTS (9-12 A-C)

TO MAKE :  MIRACULOUS MEDICINE TO STAY

YOUNG (ELIXIR VITAE)
 FORMULA TO CREATE GOLD FROM METAL

36
 MYSTICAL ONTOLOGIGAL FUNCTIONAL

SUPERSTITION OBSERVATION USING KNOWLEDGE

AROUND/NATURE BASED ON ONTOLOGICAL

THE BEGINNING
OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE
START WITH FACTS
ENDED WITH FACTS

NEW THEORY
A RATIONAL EXPLANATION WHICH IS
COMPATIBLE WITH THE EXPLANATORY OBJECT
SCIENTIFIC THEORY
CONDITIONS :
1. CONSISTENT WITH THE PREVIOUS THEORY (DEDUCTIVE)
2. MATCH WITH THE EMPIRICAL FACT (INDUCTIVE) 37
 SCIENTIFIC METHOD.

o THE EXPRESSION OF THOUGHT WORK/WAY OF THINKING

o CHARACTERISTICS :
 RATIONAL (DEDUCTIVE, COHERENT)
 TESTED (INDUCTIVE, CORRESPONDS)

A STATEMENT IS TRUE IF SUPPORTED BY THE FACTS

38
SCIENTIFIC METHOD

o LOGICO-HYPOTHETICO-VERIFICATIVE
o CONTINUOUS CONJUGATION (INTERACTION)
BETWEEN DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION (TYNDALL)

39
CHARACTER :  SYSTEMATIC
 EXPLICIT
BELONGS TO ALL SCIENTIST
SCIENTIFIC
COMMUNICATION

NEW THEORY THEORY THEORY

ALL SCIENTISTS ARE DEEPLY INDEBTED TO

OTHER SCIENTISTS.

HYPOTHESIS THEORY PREMISE HYPOTHESIS

40
o WELLS :
THE GREEKS : THE FATHER OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
THE MOSLEMS : THE STEP-FATHER OF THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD
o ROGER BACON (1214-1294)
INTRODUCED EXPERIMENTAL METHOD IN WESTERN
CIVILZATION
o FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)
ESTABLISHED THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD AS A SCIENTIFIC
PARADIGM

AS A RESULT PRODUCED AMMUNITION

41
THE PIONEERS OF DEDUCTIVE & INDUCTIVE THINKING.
o COPERNICUS (1473-1543)
o KEPLER (1571-1630)
o GALILEO (1546-1642)
o NEWTON (1642-1727)
KARL PEARSON (1857-1938)
1890 : THE GRAMMAR OF SCIENCE ABOUT
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
SCIENTIST WHO MADE MAJOR DISCOVERIES USING
THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD :
o HELMHOLTZ
o PASTEUR
o DARWIN
o MAXWELL
1910 : JOHN DEWEY.
“HOW WE THINK”
ABOUT THE STEPS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 42
 RESEARCH

 A PROCESS & ARRANGEMENT OF STEPS

WHICH ARE PLANNED AND SYSTEMATIC,
 TO OBTAIN A VALID ANSWER TO A CERTAIN
QUESTION

43
 SCIENTIFIC METHOD

o LOGICO-HYPOTHETICO-VERIFICATIVE
o CONTINUOUS CONJUGATION (INTERACTION) BETWEEN
DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION (TYNDALL)

44
RESEARCH
FORMULATE
THE PROBLEMS

LITERATURE ARRANGEMENT
STUDY OF THE CONCEPTUAL
(LOGIC) FRAMEWORK
ARRANGEMENT OF
THE RELEVANT PREMISES

TEMPORARY FORMULATE
ANSWER THE HYPOTHESIS

VERIFICATION PROVE THE HYPOTHESIS

SCIENTIFIC CONCLUSION
METHOD NEW THEORY
45
 Problem example :
Can kedacillin be used as a prophylactic
antibiotic for meningoencephalitis due to
a severe skullbase fractures ?

Answer possibilities:
Yes, it can be used
No, it can not be used

46
 If it can be used, why ?
Basic logical reasoning :
1.87% of the etiologi of meningoencephalitis due to severe
skullbase fractures are p.aeruginosa (research)
2.Sensitivity test : p.aeruginosa is sensitive to kedacillin
(research)
3.To cure a meningoencephalitis, an antibiotic must has an
ability to penetrate blood brain barrier (general concept)
4.Penicillin and its derivates can penetrate the blood-brain
barrie (general concept)
5.Kedacillin is a derivate of penicillin (general concept)

PREMISES
 Conclusion ?
( Hypothesis )
BASED ON A LOGICAL SCIENTIFIC REASONING

Temporary answer
(Hypothesis)
Kedacillin can be used as a prophylactic antibiotic
for meningoencephalitis due to severe skullbase
fractures
48
 PROBLEM

GENERAL CONCEPT RESEARCH RESULTS:

THEORY
SYNTHESIS
ANALYSIS
GENERALIZATION
SPECIFICATION

DEDUCTIVE INDUCTIVE
THINKING THINKING

INTERACTION
TEMPORARY
ANSWER

HYPOTHESIS

50% of Research is Reading 49

 BUT ……………….!
The Hypothesis (logic-rational) is true,
only if supported by the facts (tested-verified)

Scientific method
Rational-Tested

Logico – Hypothetico - Verificative

Philosophy of Science
50
 Question :
Does oxytocin i.v. causes
tachycardia?

Answer possibilities:
1. Yes, it does
2. No , it doesn’t
 If it causes tachycardia, why?
Basic Logical reasonings (premises)

1. 90% of the oxytocin receptors are in smooth muscles (research)

2. Oxytocin produce relaxation of smooth muscles

(general concept)

3. Tunica media of arterias consist of smooth muscles

(general concept)

4. Relaxation of the arterial smooth muscles cause vasodilatadion

(general concept)

5. Vasodilatation produce hypotension

(general concept)

Conclussion ?
 Conclussion:
Hypotension cause tachycardia, or

Oxytocin cause tachycardia

Temporary answer
( Hypothesis )
 Conclusion

SCIENTIFIC METHOD
EXPLAINED
BY

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of Science will answer some questions :

• How can we make a valid scientific conclusion in a research?
• What kind of instruments do some one need in
a scientific thinking activity

54
 RESEARCH
CLINICAL TRIAL
TRADITIONAL
MEDICINE NEW MEDICINE
SCIENTIFIC
METHOD

BELONG TO ALL SCIENTIST

LOGICO, HYPOTHETICO VERIFICATIVE

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

55
 Research Paradigm
 QUANTITATIVE : SCIENTIFIC (ILMIAH) ?
 QUALITATIVE : NATURALISTIC (ALAMIAH) ?

 Ilustration :
a pair of railway :
- One Side : Quantitative
- Other Side : Qualitative
Each with different methods but only one
direction
56
 QUALITATIVE :
- Epistemology : Subjektive
- Methodology : Inductive
- Design : Flexible

 QUANTITATIVE
- Epistemology : Objektive
- Methodology : Deductive
- Design : Fixed
57
 SOAL

 Apakah fibrin glue meningkatkan ekspresi TGF beta

tandur kulit pada rekonstruksi wajah ?

 Apakah ekspresi TGF beta pada tandur kulit wajah

menggunakan fibrin glue lebih tinggi dari pada tandur
kulit tanpa fibrin glue ?

Premis
1. Pada proses penyembuhan luka, kadar growth factor
jaringan meningkat
2. TGT beta merupakan salah satu growth factor
3. Fibrin glue berperan sebagai zat penghantar growth
factor dari jaringan resipien ke jaringan tandur
Hipotesis : ? 58
 Soal

 Apakah ekstrak jeruk nipis menurunkan

kadar malondialdehid (MDA) serum lebih
banyak di banding dengan ekstrak jeruk
bali pada atlet setelah aktifitas fisik aerob ?

59
 Konsep teori/kerangka berpikir/premis :

1. 1cc ekstrak jeruk nipis mengandung 100mg vit c

2. 1cc ekstrak jeruk bali mengandung 25mg vit c

3. Vit c merupakan antioksidan hidrofilik terhadap radikal bebas

(reactive oxygen species)

4. Aktifitas fisik aerobik meningkatkan radikal bebas yaitu reactive

oxygen species (ROS) di jaringan

5. ROS bereaksi dengan senyawa lipid membran sel berupa reaksi

peroksidasi lipid

6. Hasil metabolisme peroksidasi lipid adalah senyawa MDA

Kesimpulan (Hipotesis) ?
60
61
Kreativitas dalam ilmu

oleh

Prof. DR. dr. M.Thaufiq S. Boesoirie, MS, Sp.THT-KL(K)

Creativity is a modern concept.

63
 Brains :
 are our greatest resource, but we use
them ineffectively.
 Most men and women develop only a
small fraction-perhaps only 10 percent- of
their potential.

64
The creative individual must have a
liberal portion of three qualities:
 mental capacity
 judgment
 motivation.

65
 Mental Capacity
 Something related to intelligence quotient,
but
something not precisely measured by
any of the standard tests.
 Almost all creative scientists probably
have I.Q.'s of 130 or above.
 Mental capacity is largely genetically
controlled.

66
 Judgment
 an important characteristic in a scientist.

 In research one is continually faced with multiple

choices as to what experiment to do next and how to
do it.

 The effort that goes into a sterile experiment can be

as great as that which goes into an illuminating one.

 The quality of judgment is also probably genetically

controlled, but
the individual can improve his endowment with
experience, and he can tap the wisdom of others.
67
 Motivation
 is the factor in creativity which is most
subject to change by one's surroundings.

 It is also an essential component, for

without it the best minds accomplish little.

 With adequate motivation comes the self-

control necessary for tapping one's
resources.
68
 Creative effort differs from most
other activities in that it generally
requires unusual discipline.

Creativity:
Thinking outside the box
69
Kreativitas

 Kreatifitas diperlukan untuk menjawab

tantangan permasalahan yang dihadapi di
dunia ini.
 Kreatifitas menjadikan suatu bangsa unggul
dalam ilmu dan teknologi, dan bukan nilai
kebenaran atau kebijaksanaan yang mereka
kumpulkan.

70
 INOVASI

Sebagai Bagian dari entrepreneur

 Pengembangan model-model Inovasi
 Eksekusi model
 Mampu dilaksanakan

71
 INOVASI

 Keuntungan ( Innovation is Profitable )

 Bertahap
 Sekaligus

BIG BANG
Perlu Kecepatan Menggunakan Peluang
Buy The Future With Present Value
72
 Penelitian kreatif :
Bisa dibagi dalam suatu matriks 3 x 3.

 Pada sumbu datar adalah jenis

kreatifitas dari segi kematangan untuk
digunakan, yaitu observatif, analitik,
kreatif.
 Pada sumbu tegak adalah tingkat
kesulitan mendapatkannya, yaitu
aplikatif, modifikatif, inovatif. 73
Jenis-Jenis Penelitian

Kreatifitas Observatif Analitik Kreatif

Inovasi

Inovatif Nobel Nobel Paten

Modifikatif Paten

Aplikatif 1 2 3

Riset para peneliti di negara berkembang umumnya hanya berupa riset

pada kotak nomor 1, 2 atau 3

74
Riset observatif-aplikatif

 Pengamatan mencari data dengan

menggunakan teknik yang telah lazim
diketahui
 Hanya diterapkan pada medan yang baru.
 Jarang kita kembangkan metode observasi
yang baru untuk menangkap fenomena yang
sebelumnya sulit didekati.

75
Riset analitif-aplikatif

 Analisis antara berbagai data dengan menggunakan

pisau analisis yang telah ada.
 Jarang ditemukan pengembangan baru, sekalipun
hanya modifikasi.
 Paling populer, di berbagai perguruan tinggi, seakan-
akan tak mungkin suatu riset tanpa statistik dan data
real.

76
 Riset kreatif
 Pada riset kreatif, statistik atau data real
tidak terlalu mutlak, yang lebih penting
adalah terciptanya suatu alat atau
software yang bisa digunakan

 Namun riset kreatif di negera berkembang

umumnya juga hanya aplikatif, sekedar
menggunakan (try-out) produk yang sudah
dibuat orang dari negara maju.
77
 Kreatif = Thinking out side the box

 Kreatif – inovatif = Entrepreneur

78
John Assaraf:
(Wiraswastawan dan ahli pengolah keuangan)

 Kita dapat memiliki apapun yang kita pilih.

Terlepas dari seberapapun besarnya. Rumah
seperti apa yang anda inginkan? Apakah
anda ingin menjadi jutawan? Bisnis seperti
apa yang anda inginkan? Apakah anda
menginginkan lebih banyak sukses. Apa yang
sungguh-sungguh anda inginkan ?

79
 References:

 Current comment: Eugene Garfield .

 http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v12
p296y1989.pdf , tanggal 12.12.2009
 Essays of an Information Scientist: Creativity,
Delayed Recognition, and other Essays, Vol:12,
p.296, 1989 Current Contents, #43, p.3-7,
October 23, 1989
 Creativity in the Sciences, Science 21 June
1963, Volume 140, Number 3573.
 Creativity in the Sciences, 21 June 1963,
Volume 140, Number 3573 , Science

80
 JUDUL PENELITIAN
PREMIS DAN HIPOTESIS

Thaufiq Boesoirie
 …….kutinggalkan kamu dua perkara, tidak
kamu akan tersesat selamanya, selama
kamu masih berpegang kepada keduanya,
yaitu Kitabullah dan Sunah Rosul-Nya

Pendidikan Tinggi
S1 : Pragmatis
Acuan kependidikan S2 : Konseptual
S3 : Inovatif

Qur’an dan Hadist

 MASALAH :
Apakah Firaun mati tenggelam di Laut Merah ?

 HIPOTESIS :
Firaun mati tenggelam di Laut Merah

 Al-A’Raaf 136 :
Kemudian Kami menghukum mereka maka Kami
tenggelamkan mereka di Laut disebabkan mereka
mendustakan ayat-ayat Kami…….

 PREMIS PENDUKUNG (menurut kaidah ilmiah) :

1. Firaun adalah Ramses IV
2. Laut Merah mengandung ganggang merah
3. Orang mati tenggelam akibat masuknya air kedalam
alveoli paru-paru
4. Hasil Biopsi paru-paru Ramses IV mengandung
ganggang merah
 FORMULATE
PROBLEMS THE PROBLEMS

LITERATURE ARRANGEMENT
STUDY OF THE CONCEPTUAL
(LOGIC) FRAMEWORK
ARRANGEMENT OF
THE RELEVANT PREMISES

TEMPORARY FORMULATE
ANSWER THE HYPOTHESIS

VERIFICATION PROVE THE HYPOTHESIS

SCIENTIFIC CONCLUSION
RESEARCH PROCESS NEW THEORY
CHARACTER :  SYSTEMATIC
 EXPLICIT
BELONGS TO ALL SCIENTIST

SCIENTIFIC
COMMUNICATION

NEW THEORY THEORY THEORY

ALL SCIENTISTS ARE DEEPLY INDEBTED TO

OTHER SCIENTISTS.

HYPOTHESIS THEORY PREMISE HYPOTHESIS

 ACUAN USULAN PENELITIAN

1. APAKAH JUDUL TELAH SESUAI DENGAN ISI PENELITIAN ?

JUDUL TIDAK BOLEH BERPENGERTIAN GANDA !
2. APAKAH RUMUSAN MASALAH TELAH SESUAI DAN DAPAT
DIMENGERTI ?
APAKAH DARI RUMUSAN TSB DAPAT DIBUAT HIPOTESIS ?

3. APAKAH HIPOTESIS BERKESESUAIAN DENGAN RUMUSAN

MASALAH ? APAKAH HIPOTESIS TELAH MENJAWAB
MASALAH YANG TERKANDUNG DIDALAM RUMUSAN MASALAH ?
APAKAH HIPOTESIS DAPAT DIUJI ?

4. APAKAH PREMIS TELAH DAPAT MENJAWAB HIPOTESIS ?

APAKAH TERDAPAT PREMIS YANG TIDAK RELEVAN ?
PREMIS YANG MENJELASKAN MENGAPA PENELITIAN DILAKUKAN
BUKAN SUATU PREMIS, TETAPI LATAR BELAKANG MASALAH

5. PREMIS-PREMIS HARUS BERURUTAN DAN TERTATA MENURUT

POLA PIKIR DEDUKTIF.
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87
Prof DR Dr Thaufiq S. Boesoirie, MS SpTHT KL (K)

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 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

SCIENCE :
 CAN BE CONSIDERED AS :
• A PRODUCT
• A PROCESS
• AN ETHICAL PARADIGM

 ATTEMPTS TO UNDERSTAND
THE NATURE OR THE PRODUCT/ PROCESS

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CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCE ARE :

 HAS THE POWER TO PREDICT

 CAN BE PROVEN

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TECHNOLOGY :

 AN APPLIED SCIENCE WHICH IS

ALREADY DEVELOPED

 INCLUDES HARDWEAR AND SOFTWEAR

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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HAVE THE POWER
TO DOMINATE NATURE,
HUMAN BEING, AND
CIVILIZATION

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SCIENCE AS A PROCESS :
 IS A SOCIAL ACTIVITY

 ATTEMPTS TO UNDERSTAND THE NATURE,

HUMAN BEINGS AND THEIR BEHAVIOURS
WHATEVER THEY ARE

SCIENTIFIC METHOD HAS CHARACTERISTICS:

 RATIONAL
 OBJECTIVE

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SCIENCE AS A PRODUCT :
 ALL KNOWLEDGE WHICH ARE PRODUCED
THROUGH THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD,
BELONG TO THE PUBLIC

 SCIENCE IS LIMITED TO FORMULATIONS

AND STATEMENTS, WHICH ARE AGREED UPON
BY ALL SCIENTISTS

SUBJECT TO PROOF SO,

A THEORY AT ANY TIME COULD BE ABROGATED

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 SCIENCE AS AN ETHICAL PARADIGM

ACCORDING TO MERTON,
SCIENCE IS A SOCIETY WHICH HOLDS TO
FOUR NORMS :
 UNIVERSALISM

 COMMUNALISM

 DISINTERESTEDNESS

 SKEPTICAL

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UNIVERSALISM :
• RACE
IS NOT DEPENDENT UPON • SKIN COLOR
• CIVILIZATION/RELIGION

COMMUNALISM :
SCIENCE BELONGS TO THE PUBLIC

DISINTERESTEDNESS :
SCIENCE IS NOT FOR PROPAGANDA OR
PUBLICITY

SKEPTICAL :
TRUTHS ARE NOT AUTOMATICALLY RECEIVED
WITHOUT EVIDENCE

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TECHNOLOGY :

 TO SOLVE PRACTICAL PROBLEMS

GOAL :
 TO OVERCOME DIFFICULTIES THAT
PEOPLE ARE FACED WITH

OFFERS SOME ALTERNATIVES

TO OVERCOME PROBLEMS

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 FRANCIS BACON :

• SCIENCE IS POWER
• TECHNOLOGY IS THE TOOL OF POWER

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 POWER OVER HUMAN-BEINGS

• EXPERIENCED BY UNDER-DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES

• TECHNOLOGY IS CONTROLLED BY DEVELOPED

COUNTRIES

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POWER OVER CULTURE
 TECHNOLOGY INFLUENCES TRADITIONAL
CULTURE
e.g. VIA TELEVISION

POWER OVER NATURE

 WITH TECHNOLOGY, MAN CAN DESTROY
IT’S OWN SPECIES

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SCIENCE FROM A MORAL PERSPECTIVE
 SCIENCE TRIES TO EXPRESS A REALITY
AS A FACT (DAS SEIN)

 MORALS BASICALLY INDICATE

WHAT ONE SHOULD DO WITH THEIR LIFE
(DAS SOLLEN)

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SCIENCE AND MORALITY ARE CATEGORIZED
AS KNOWLEDGE, SO THEY :
3 COMPONENTS
HAVE : • ONTOLOGY
• EPISTEMOLOGY
• AXIOLOGY

THE ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP

BETWEEN SCIENCE AND MORAL
SHOULD BE BASED ON THOSE 3 COMPONENTS

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 ONTOLOGY
 SCOPE/BORDER OF THE OBJECT
 INTERPRETATION OF THE ESSENCE OF REALITY
( METAPHYSIC) OF THE OBJECT ( WHAT)

EPISTEMOLOGY :
 HOW TO GET AND TO ARRANGE THE OBJECT
OF SCIENCE AS A BODY OF KNOWLEDGE ( HOW, WHY)

AXIOLOGY :
 THE PRINCIPLES OF THE USE OF A SCIENCE (GOAL)

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 METAPHYSIC
 (WHICH IS BASED ON REALITY = DAS SEIN)

REFUSE TO INCORPORATE MORAL PREMISES

WHICH ARE NECESSITY IN CHARACTER (DAS SOLLEN)

IT SHOULD BE :
SCIENCE SHOULD BE THE TOOL TO REALIZE
THE MORAL ASPECT OF THE GOAL

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17 PRINCIPLES OF MORALITY IN SCIENCE

EPISTEMOLOGI SCIENTIFIC METHOD

MORAL ASPECTS
1. SEEKS THE TRUTH
2. SHOULD BE DONE HONESTY
3. WITHOUT SELF-INTEREST
4. BASED ON ARGUMENTS
5. BELIEF IN RATIONAL THINKING
6. BELIEF IN OBJECTIVE VERIFICATION
7. BASED ON THE CRITICAL THINKING
IN MAKING OF CONCLUSIONS
8. FREE/OPEN TO CRITICISM
9. PRAGMATIC
10. DOESN’T CHANGE GOD’S WILL
FOR HUMAN BEINGS/HUMAN NATURE

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EPISTEMOLOGICAL APPROACH :

THE BASIS OF EPISTEMOLOGY IS REFLECTED

IN THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
(LOGICO – HYPOTHETICO - VERIFICATIVE OR
DEDUCTO – HYPOTHETICO -VERIFICATIVE)

VERIFICATIVE MEANS :
 USES/BASED ON OBJECTIVE EVALUATION
 OPEN TO OTHER POSSIBILITIES OF TRUTH
 OPEN TO CRITICISM
 PRAGMATIC

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ANY SCIENTIFIC EFFORT SHOULD BE :

 POINTED AT EFFORT TO FIND THE TRUTH

 PERFORMED WITH HONESTY

 WITHOUT SELF-INTEREST

 HAS A RIGHT TO LIFE BASE ON THE INDIVIDUAL

ARGUMENTATION (HOLDS TO THE RIGHT TO LIFE
OF EACH INDIVIDUAL)

 SCIENCE IS A WAY OF LIFE OF LOVING THE TRUTH

AND HATING LYING (MANGUNWIJAYA)

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ONTOLOGY EMPIRICAL
( DAS SEIN )

MORAL ASPECTS
11. NO ABRIDGEMENT OF
HUMAN VALUES

12. NO INTERFERENCE IN
HUMAN LIFE

13. NEUTRAL FROM DOGMATIC

VALUES

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 ONTOLOGICAL APPROACH

 ONTOLOGICALLY, SCIENCE IS LIMITED

ONLY TO THE RANGE OF HUMAN EXPERIENCES

 THE SCOPE OF SCIENCE THAT IS EMPIRICAL IN CHARACTER

IS CONSISTENT WITH THE EPISTEMOLOGY OF SCIENCE,
THAT ANY CONCLUSION SHOULD BE VERIFIED
SCIENTIFICALLY

(DEDUCTIONS WHICH ARE VERIFIED AND

FREE FROM DOGMATIC VALUES)

EINSTEIN :
SCIENCE STARTS WITH THE FACT, AND
END WITH FACT, NO MATTER THE 109
VARIETY OF THEORIES IN BETWEEN
AXIOLOGY UTILIZATION

MORAL ASPECTS
RAISES THE STANDARD OF
LIVING WHICH TAKES INTO ACCOUNT

14. HUMAN NATURE

15. HUMAN VALUE

16. BALANCE/ CONSERVATION

OF THE ENVIRONMENT

17. COMMUNAL & UNIVERSAL

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AXIOLOGIC APPROACH

USING SCIENCE IN HUMAN LIFE HAS

CERTAIN MORAL PRINCIPLES :

- SCIENCE SHOULD BE USE FOR HUMAN BENEFIT

- SCIENCE IS A TOOL TO RAISE THE STANDARD
OF LIVING WHICH TAKES INTO ACCOUNT :
• HUMAN NATURE, HUMAN VALUES AND
ENVIRONMENTAL BALANCE
• INTERFERENCE TO THE CREATURE/HUMAN LIFE
WILL CREATE A SITUATION OF IMBALLANCE
IN THE WORLD
e.g. GENETIC ENGINEERING

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UTILIZATION OF SCIENCE
SHOULD BE REALIZED FOR ALL PEOPLE
IN A FORM THAT IS COMMUNAL
AND UNIVERSAL

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113
SCIENCE
 A KNOWLEDGE THAT HAS ALREADY PROVEN

 FACTUAL IN CHARACTER

 CAN BE PROVEN
SCIENTIFIC
METHOD

EMPIRICAL PROVEN

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 PROBLEM

DEDUCTIVE LITERATUR
THINKING STUDY MATHEMATIC
(PREMISES)

ANSWER
HYPOTHESIS

DEDUCTIVE EMPIRICAL
PROVEN STATISTIC
THINKING

THEORY

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STATISTIC IN EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS

 TO GET INDUCTIVE CONCLUSION MORE

ACCURATE

 TO CALCULATE THE LEVEL OF PROBABILITY

 TO GET THE REPRESENTAFIVE SAMPLE

 TO AVOID A COINCIDENTAL CONCLUSSION

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TO GET AVALID INDUCTIVE THINKING,
SOME ONE MUST USE STATISTIC

 ASKING FOR KISS TO TEN GIRLS

 EVEN THOUGH YOU GOT SLAPS

FROM THE FIRST NINE,

 BUT THE LAST IS THE MEANINGFULL ONE

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APPLICATION OF STATISTIC IN :

 FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

 HYPOTHESIS PROVEN

 ARRANGEMENT OF THEORETIC MODEL

 DEVELOPMENT OF DATA COLLECTING

 ARRANGEMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

 SAMPLE OF EXPERIMENT

 DATA ANALYSIS
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