An Introduction To FRP-Strengthening of Concrete Structures

ISIS Educational Module 4:
An Introduction to FRP-
Strengthening of Concrete Structures
Produced by ISIS Canada
Repair with
FRP Module Objectives

reinforcement
• To provide students with a general

awareness of FRP materials and their
potential uses
• To introduce students to the general

philosophies and procedures for
strengthening structures with FRPs
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Overview
reinforcement
Additional Info Introduction
Field Applications FRP Materials
Advanced Evaluation of
Applications Existing Structures
Specifications & Beam & One-Way

Quality Control Slab Strengthening
Column
Strengthening
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Introduction
reinforcement Section: 1
• The world’s population depends on an extensive

infrastructure system
• Roads, sewers, highways, buildings
• The system has suffered in past years
• Neglect, deterioration, lack of funding
Global Infrastructure Crisis
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Introduction
• A primary factor leading to extensive degradation…

Corrosion
Concrete
Reinforcing
Steel
Moisture, oxygen and Corrosion products form End result

chlorides penetrate Volume expansion occurs
Through concrete More cracking
Through cracks Corrosion propagation
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Introduction
• Why repair with the same materials?

• Why repeat the cycle?
Lightweight High Strength

Easy to install 5x steel
FRP Materials
Corrosion resistant Highly versatile
Durable structures Suit any project
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
FRP-Strengthening Applications
Type Application Fibre Dir. Schematic
Tension and/or Along long.

Flexural side face of axis of beam
beam Section
Perpendicular
Shear Side face of
to long. axis
beam (u-wrap)
of beam Section
Confinement Around Circumferential

column
Section
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
General
• Longstanding reputation in automotive and

aerospace industries
• Over the past 15 years have FRP materials been

increasingly considered for civil infrastructure
applications
FRP costs have decreased
New, innovative solutions needed!
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
General
• Wide range of FRP products

available:
• Plates
• Rigid strips
• Formed through pultrusion
• Sheets
• Flexible fabric Carbon FRP
sheet
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
Constituents
• What is FRP?
Fibres Matrix
Provide strength Protects and transfers load
and stiffness between fibres
Carbon, glass, aramid Epoxy, polyester, vinyl ester
Fibre Composite Matrix
Creates a material with attributes superior to either component alone!

ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
Properties
• Typical FRP stress-strain behaviour
1800-4900 Fibres
Stress [MPa]
FRP
Matrix
34-130
0.4-4.8 >10
Strain [%]
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
Installation Techniques
uWet lay-up
Used with flexible sheets
Saturate sheets with epoxy adhesive
Place on concrete surface
Epoxy
Roller
Resin acts as adhesive
AND matrix
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
Installation Techniques
vPre-cured
Used with rigid, pre-cured strips
Apply adhesive to strip backing
Place on concrete surface
Not as flexible for variable
structural shapes
Resin acts as adhesive

AND matrix
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
Properties
• FRP properties
(versus steel): 2500
2000
• Linear elastic behaviour
Stress [MPa]
CFRP
1500
to failure 1000
GFRP
• No yielding 500
Steel
• Higher ultimate strength 1 2 3

• Lower strain at failure Strain [%]
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
Properties
Type of fibre and matrix

FRP material
properties are Fibre volume content
a function of: Orientation of fibres
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP FRP Materials
Pro/Con
FRP advantages
Will not corrode
High strength-to-weight ratio
Electromagnetically inert
FRP disadvantages
High initial material cost
But not when life-cycle costs are considered
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Evaluation of Existing Structures
Deficiencies
• Deficiencies due to:
Chloride Ingress
Wet-Dry Freeze-Thaw
uEnvironmental Effects
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Deficiencies
Then Now
v Updated Design Loads

w Updated design code procedures
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Deficiencies
Then Now
xIncrease in Traffic Loads
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Evaluation
• Evaluation is important to:
Determine concrete condition
Identify the cause of the deficiency

Establish the current load capacity
Evaluate the feasibility of FRP strengthening
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Evaluation
• Evaluation should include:
All past modifications
Actual size of elements

Actual material properties
Location, size and cause of cracks, spalling
Location, extent of corrosion
Quantity, location of rebar
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Concrete Surface
• One of the key aspects of

strengthening: State of concrete substrate
• Concrete must transfer load from the elements to

the FRPs through shear in the adhesive
• Surface modification required where surface flaws exist
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Beam/One-Way Slab Strengthening
Flexural Strengthening
FRP rupture Assumptions
uFailure caused by:
Concrete crushing
vPlane sections remain plane
wPerfect bond between steel/concrete, FRP/concrete
xAdequate anchorage & development length provided for FRPs
FRPs are linear elastic to failure
Concrete compressive stress-strain curve is parabolic, no
strength in tension
Initial strains in FRPs can be ignored
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Resistance Factors
Material Bridge Building
Steel fS =0.90 fS =0.85
Concrete fC =0.75 fC =0.6
Carbon ffrp = 0.75

FRP
Glass ffrp = 0. 50
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Failure Modes
• Four potential failure modes:
Concrete crushing before steel yields
Steel yielding followed by concrete crushing
Steel yielding followed by FRP rupture
Debonding of FRP reinforcement
Debonding is prevented through special end anchorages

Assume failure mode Perform analysis Check failure mode
*** Assume initial strains at the time of strengthening are zero ***
*** Refer to EC Module 4 Notes ***
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
General Design
b ec a1Φcf’c
c a = b1c
d Cc
h
As
es
fs Ts
efrp ffrp Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Cross Section Strain Distribution Stress Distribution Distribution
• Force equilibrium in section:
Ts + Tfrp = Cc Eq. 4-1
Ts = fsAsfs Tfrp = ffrpAfrpEfrpefrp Cc = fca1f’cb1bc
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
General Design
b ec a1Φcf’c
c a = b1c
d Cc
h
As
es
fs Ts
efrp ffrp Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
• Apply strain compatibility and use these equations to solve for neutral
axis depth, c
• Section capacity:
a a
Mr = Ts d - + Tfrp h- Eq. 4-5
2 2
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Analysis Procedure
b ecu
c
d
h
As
es
efrp
bfrp
Cross Section Strain Distribution
Step1: Assume failure mode
Assume that section fails by concrete crushing after steel yields
ec = ecu = 0.0035
Thus: efrp = ecu (h-c)/c Eq. 4-6
es = ecu (d-c)/c Eq. 4-7
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Analysis Procedure
b ecu a1Φcf’c
c a = b1c
d Cc
h
As
es
fs Ts
efrp ffrp Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Step 2: Determine compressive stress block factors
a1 = 0.85-0.0015f’c > 0.67 Eq. 4-8
b1 = 0.97-0.0025f’c > 0.67 Eq. 4-9
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Analysis Procedure
b ecu a1Φcf’c
c a = b1c
d Cc
h
As
es
fs Ts
efrp ffrp Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Step 3: Determine neutral axis depth, c
fsAsfs + ffrpAfrpEfrpefrp = fca1f’cb1bc Eq. 4-10
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Analysis Procedure
b ecu a1Φcf’c
c a = b1c
d Cc
h
As
es
fs Ts
efrp ffrp Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Step 4: Check if assumed failure mode is correct
>
efrp = ecu (h-c)/c efrpu
?
Eq. 4-11
If true, go to Step 6 If false, go to Step 5

ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Analysis Procedure
b ecu a1Φcf’c
c a = b1c
d Cc
h
As
es
fs Ts
efrp ffrp Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Step 5: Calculate factored moment resistance
a a
Mr = fsAsfy d - + ffrpAfrpEfrpefrp h- Eq. 4-12
2 2
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Analysis Procedure
b ecu a1Φcf’c
c a = b1c
d Cc
h
As
es
fs Ts
efrp ffrp Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Check if internal steel yields to ensure adequate deformability
If yes, OK
es = ecu(d-c)/c >
? εy If no, reduce FRP
amount & recalculate
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Analysis Procedure
b ec a1Φcf’c
c a = b1c
d Cc
h
As
es
fs Ts
efrpu ffrpu Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Step 6: Assume different failure mode
Assume failure occurs by tensile failure of FRP
efrp = efrpu
Thus:
ec < ecu
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Analysis Procedure
b ec a1Φcf’c
c a = b1c
d Cc
h
As
es
fs Ts
efrpu ffrpu Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Step 7: Determine depth of neutral axis
fsAsfy + ffrpAfrpEfrpefrpu = fca1f’cb1bc Eq. 4-15
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Analysis Procedure
b ec a1Φcf’c
c a = b1c
d Cc
h
As
es
fs Ts
efrpu ffrpu Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
Step 8: Check if assumed failure mode is correct
ec < ecu
efrpu c / (h-c) < ecu
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Analysis Procedure
b ec a1Φcf’c
c a = b1c
d Cc
h
As
es
fs Ts
efrpu ffrpu Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
a a
Mr = fsAsfy d - + ffrpAfrpEfrpefrpu h- Eq. 4-17
2 2
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
With Compression Steel
b ecu a1Φcf’c
e’s f’s a = b1c Cs
A’s c
d Cc
h
As
es
fs Ts
efrp ffrp Tfrp
bfrp Equiv. Stress
• Similar analysis procedure
Add a compressive stress resultant
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Tee Beams
bf
hf c
h
= +
Afrp
bfrp Mr Mrf Mrw
• Similar analysis procedure
Neutral axis in flange: treat as rectangular section
Neutral axis in web: treat as tee section
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Flexural Example
Problem statement
Calculate the moment resistance (Mr) for an FRP-
strengthened rectangular concrete section
Section information
d = 325 mm
Afrp = 60 mm2
h = 350 mm
f’c = 45 MPa efrpu = 1.55 %

3-10M bars fy = 400 MPa Efrp = 155 GPa
CFRP
b = 105 mm Es = 200 GPa
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Flexural Example
Solution
Step 1: Assumed failure mode
Assume failure of beam due to crushing of concrete in

compression after yielding of internal steel reinforcement
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Flexural Example
Solution
Step 2: Calculate concrete stress block factors
a1 = 0.85 – 0.0015 f’c > 0.67

a a1 = 0.85 – 0.0015 (45) = 0.78
b1 = 0.85 – 0.0025 f’c > 0.67

a b1 = 0.85 – 0.0025 (45) = 0.86
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Flexural Example
Solution
Step 3: Find depth of neutral axis, c
Use Equation 4-10:
fca1f’cb1bc = fsAsfs + ffrpAfrpEfrpefrp
0.6 (0.78) (45) (0.86) (105) c 0.85 (300) (400)

350 - c
0.75 (60) (155000) 0.0035
c
c = 90.5 mm
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Flexural Example
Solution
Step 4: Check failure mode
efrp = ecu (h-c)/c vs. efrpu = 0.0155 Eq. 4-11
350 - 90.5
efrp = 0.0035
90.5
efrp = 0.01 < efrpu = 0.0155
Therefore, FRP rupture does NOT occur

and assumed failure mode is correct
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Flexural Example
Solution
Step 4: Check failure mode
To promote ductility, check that steel has yielded:
d-c
es = ecu
c
325 - 90.5
es = 0.0035 = 0.009 > 0.002 = ey
90.5
If the steel had NOT yielded, the beam failure could be expected
to be less ductile, and we would need to carefully check the
deformability of the member
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Flexural Example
Solution
Step 5: Calculate moment resistance
a a
Mr = fsAsfy d - + ffrpAfrpEfrpefrp h- Eq. 4-12
2 2
0.85 (300) (400) 325 - 0.86 x 90.5

2
0.75 (60) (155000) (0.01) 350 - 0.86 x 90.5
2
65% increase over
Mr = 50.9  10 N· mm = 50.9 kN· m
6
unstrengthened beam!
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Assumptions
• FRP sheets can be applied to provide shear resistance
• Many different possible configurations
May be aligned at
any angle to the
longitudinal axis
May be applied in
continuous sheets
or in finite widths
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Assumptions
• FRP sheets can be applied to provide shear resistance
• Many different possible configurations
ne = 2
May be applied
Section
on sides only or
as U-wraps
ne = 1
Section
*U-wraps also improve the anchorage of flexural FRP external reinforcement
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Assumptions
wfrp
To avoid stress
concentrations,
allow for a
b
minimum radius
of 15 mm
sfrp Section
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Design Principles
External strengthening with FRPs:
Flexural failure Generally fairly ductile
Shear failure Sudden and brittle
Undesirable failure mode

Control shear deformation
to avoid sudden failure
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Design Principles
Shear resistance of a beam:
Vr = Vc + Vs + Vfrp Eq. 4-18
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Design Principles
Vc = 0.2 fc√f’c bwd Eq. 4-19
fs fy Av d
Vs = Eq. 4-20
s
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Design Principles
ffrp Afrp Efrp efrpe dfrp (sinb + cosb)
Vfrp Eq. 4-21
sfrp
=
a Afrp = 2 tfrp wfrp
a dfrp: distance from free end of FRP to
bottom of internal steel stirrups
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Design Principles
a Effective strain in FRP, efrpe:
efrpe = R efrpu ≤ 0.004 Eq. 4-23
Prevents shear cracks from widening

beyond acceptable limits
Ensures aggregate interlock!
a Reduction factor, R:
f’c2/3 l2
R = al1 Eq. 4-24
rfrp Efrp
0.8 Carbon: l1 = 1.35, l2 = 0.30
Glass: l1 = 1.23, l2 = 0.47
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Design Principles
a FRP shear reinforcement ratio, rfrp:
2 tfrp wfrp
rfrp = Eq. 4-25
bw sfrp
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Design Principles
Another limit on effective strain in FRP, efrpe:
ak1k2Le
efrpe ≤ Eq. 4-26
9525
0.8
a Parameters, k1 and k2:

2/3
f’c dfrp- ne Le
k1 = Eq. 4-27 k2 = Eq. 4-28
27.65 dfrp
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Design Principles
a Effective anchorage length, Le:
25350
Le = 0.58
Eq. 4-29
tfrpEfrp
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Design Principles
Limit on spacing of strips, sfrp:
d
sfrp ≤ wfrp + Eq. 4-30
4
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Design Principles
Limit on maximum allowable shear strengthening, Vfrp:
Vr ≤ Vc + 0.8λfc√f’c bwd Eq. 4-31
Shear contribution due to steel

stirrups and FRP
strengthening must be less
than this term
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Example
Problem statement
Calculate the shear capacity (Vr) for an FRP-strengthened
concrete section
Section information
4.76 mm Ø
λ = 1.0 tfrp = 1.3 mm
d = 325 mm
h = 350 mm
f’c = 45 MPa wfrp = 100 mm

efrpu = 2.0 % sfrp = 200 mm
3-10M bars Efrp = 22.7 GPa

GFRP wrap ss = 225 mm c/c
fy = 400 MPa (rebar)
b = 105 mm fy = 400 MPa (stirrup)
Section Elevation
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 1: Calculate concrete and steel contributions
Concrete: Vc = 0.2 fc√f’c bwd
Vc = 0.2 (0.6) √45 (105) (325)
Vc = 27470 N = 27.47 kN
fs fy Av d 0.85 (400) (36) (325)

Steel: Vs = =
s 225
Vs = 17680 N = 17.68 kN
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 2: Determine Afrp, rfrp, Le for effective strain calculation
Afrp: Afrp = 2 tfrp wfrp = 2 (1.3) (100)

Afrp = 260 mm2
2 tfrp wfrp 2 (1.3) 100

rfrp: rfrp = =
bw sfrp 105 200
rfrp = 0.0124
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 2: Determine Afrp, rfrp, Le for effective strain calculation
25350 25350
Le: Le = 0.58
= 0.58
tfrpEfrp 1.3 x 22700
Le = 64.8 mm
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 3: Determine k1, k2 and effective strain, efrpe [Limit 2]
2/3 2/3
f’c 45
k1: k1 = = = 1.38
27.65 27.65
Because of u-wrap
dfrp- ne Le 325 – 1 (64.8)

k2: k2 = = = 0.80
dfrp 325
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 3: Determine k1, k2 and effective strain, efrpe [Limit 2]
Note: This strain is one of three limits placed on the FRP
ak1k2Le
efrpe: efrpe ≤ Eq. 4-26
9525
0.8 (1.38) (0.80) (64.8)

efrpe =
9525
efrpe = 0.0060
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 4: Determine R and effective strain, efrpe [Limit 1]
f’c2/3 l2
R: R = al1
rfrp Efrp
45 2/3 0.47
R = 0.8 (1.23)
0.0124 (22700)
R = 0.229
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 4: Determine R and effective strain, efrpe [Limit 1]
Note: This strain is one of three limits placed on the FRP
efrpe: efrpe = R efrpu ≤ 0.004 Eq. 4-23
efrpe = 0.229 (0.02)
efrpe = 0.0046
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 5: Determine governing effective strain, efrpe
For design purposes, use the smallest limiting value of:
efrpe = 0.0046 Eq. 4-23
efrpe = 0.0040 Eq. 4-23
efrpe = 0.0060 Eq. 4-26
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 6: Calculate contribution of FRP to shear capacity
ffrp Afrp Efrp efrpe dfrp (sinb + cosb)
Vfrp: Vfrp = Eq. 4-21
sfrp
0.5 (260) (22700) (0.004) (325) (sin90 + cos90)
Vfrp =
200
Vfrp = 19200 N = 19.2 kN
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 7: Compute total shear resistance of beam
Vr: Vr = Vc + Vs + Vfrp Eq. 4-21
Vr = 27.5 + 17.7 + 19.2
Vr = 64.4 kN
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 8: Check maximum shear strengthening limits
Vr ≤ Vc + 0.8λfcf’cbwd Eq. 4-31
64400 ≤ 27500 + 0.8 (1) (0.6) (45) (105) (325)

64400 ≤ 137400
a OK
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear Strengthening
Example
Solution
Step 9: Check maximum band spacing
d
sfrp ≤ wfrp + Eq. 4-30
4
325
200 ≤ 100 +
4
200 ≤ 181
a Not true, therefore use 180 mm spacing
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Add’l Considerations
Additional factors to consider:

FRP anchorage and development length
Deflections Creep-rupture stress limits External strengthening with
sometimes govern FRP- FRPs may reduce flexural
Crack widths strengthened design deformability
3-layers
Vibrations FRP
1-layer
Creep
Load
FRP
No FRP
Fatigue
Ductility Deflection
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Column Strengthening
Overview
• FRP sheets can be wrapped around
concrete columns to increase strength
• How it works:
Internal reinforcing steel
Concrete
FRP wrap
flfrp
Concrete
shortens…
…FRP confines …and places it in

…and dilates… the concrete… triaxial stress…
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Overview
• The result:
Increased load capacity
Increased deformation capability
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Overview
• Design equations are largely empirical (from tests)

• ISIS equations are applicable for the following cases:
Undamaged concrete column
Short column subjected to

concentric axial load
Fibres oriented circumferentially
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Circular Columns
Slenderness Limits
• Strengthening equations only valid for non-
slender columns. Thus, from CSA A23.3:
lu 6.25
≤ 0.5 Eq. 5-1
Dg Pf / f’cAg
Ag = gross cross-sectional area of column

f’c = concrete strength
Pf = factored axial load
lu = unsupported length
Dg = column diameter
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Circular Columns
Slenderness Limits
• Strengthening equations only valid for non-
slender columns. Thus, from CSA A23.3:
lu 6.25
≤ 0.5 Eq. 5-1
Dg Pf / f’cAg
The axial load capacity is Column may become

increased by the confining slender!
effect of the wrap
Ensure that column remains short
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Circular Columns
Confinement
• Based on equilibrium, the lateral confinement
pressure exerted by the FRP, flfrp:
2 Nb ffrp ffrpu tfrp

flfrp = Eq. 5-2
Dg
Nb = number of FRP layers

ffrp = material resistance factor for FRP
ffrpu = ultimate FRP strength
tfrp = FRP thickness
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Circular Columns
Confinement
• The benefit of a confining pressure is to increase
the confined compressive concrete strength, f’cc
f’cc = f’c + k1 flfrp Eq. 5-3
f’c = ultimate strength of unconfined concrete

k1 = empirical coefficient from tests
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Circular Columns
Confinement
• ISIS design guidelines suggest a
modification to f’cc:
f’cc = f’c + k1 flfrp = f’c (1 + apcww) Eq. 5-4
FRP type
f’c
apc = performance coefficient depending on:
(currently taken as 1.0) member size
2 flfrp
ww = Eq. 5-5
fc f’c
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Circular Columns
Confinement Limits
To ensure
Minimum Why? adequate Limit
confinement flfrp ≥ 4 MPa
ductility of
pressure column
To prevent
Maximum Why? excessive f’c 1
Limit
confinement flfrp ≤ - fc
deformations 2 apc ke
pressure of column
= 0.85 (Strength reduction factor to

account for unexpected eccentricities)
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Circular Columns
Axial Load Resistance
• Factored axial load resistance for an FRP-confined

reinforced concrete column, Prmax:
Prmax = ke [a1fcf’cc (Ag-As) + fs fy As] Eq. 5-9
Same equation as for conventionally

RC column, except includes confined
concrete strength, f’cc
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Rectangular Columns
• External FRP wrapping may be used with

rectangular columns
• There is far less experimental data available for
rectangular columns
• Strengthening is not nearly as effective
Confinement all around Confinement only in some areas
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Shear
• External FRP wrapping may be used with circular and

rectangular RC columns to strengthen also for shear
• Particularly useful in seismic upgrade situations

where increased lateral loads are a concern
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Strengthening Limits
• The confining effects of FRP wraps are not activated

until significant radial expansion of concrete occurs
• Therefore, ensure service loads kept low enough

to prevent failure by creep and fatigue
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Example
Problem statement
Determine the FRP wrap details for an RC column as
described below
Information
RC column factored axial resistance lu = 3000 mm f’c = 30 MPa
(pre-strengthening) = 3110 kN Dg = 500 mm ffrpu = 1200 MPa
New axial live load requirement PL = 1550 kN Ag = 196350 mm2 tfrp = 0.3 mm
New axial dead load requirement PD = 1200 kN Ast = 2500 mm2 ffrp = 0.75
New factored axial load, Pf = 4200 kN fy = 400 MPa
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Example
Solution
Step 1: Check if column remains short after strengthening
lu 6.25
≤ 0.5 Eq. 5-1
Dg Pf / f’cAg
3000 6.25
≤ 0.5
500 4200000/(30 x 196350)
6 ≤ 7.4
a OK
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Example
Solution
Step 2: Compute required confined concrete strength, f’cc
Take equation 5-9 and rearrange for f’cc:
Prmax = ke [a1fcf’cc (Ag-As) + fs fy As] Eq. 5-9
Pf
- fs fy As
ke
a f’cc =
a1fc (Ag-
As)
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Example
Solution
Step 2: Compute required confined concrete strength, f’cc
a1: a1 = 0.85 – 0.0015f’c = 0.85 – 0.0015 (30) = 0.81
4200000
- 0.85 (400) (2500)
0.85
f’cc: f’cc =
0.81 (0.6) (196350-2500)
f’cc = 43.4 MPa
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Example
Solution
Step 3: Compute volumetric strength ratio, ww
Take equation 5-4 and rearrange for ww:
f’cc = f’c + k1 flfrp = f’c (1 + apcww) Eq. 5-4
f’cc 43.4
-1 -1
f’c 30
ww: ww = =
apc 1
ww = 0.447
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Example
Solution
Step 4: Compute required confinement pressure, flfrp
Take equation 5-5 and rearrange for flfrp:
rfrp ffrp ffrpu 2 flfrp
ww = = Eq. 5-5
fc f’c fc f’c
ww fc f’c 0.447 (0.6) (30)

flfrp: flfrp = =
2 2
flfrp = 4.02 MPa
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Example
Solution
Step 4: Compute required confinement pressure, flfrp
Check flfrp again confinement limits:
a Minimum: flfrp = 4.02 > 4.0
f’c 1
a Maximum: flfrp = 4.02 < - fc
2 apc ke
30 1
flfrp = 4.02 < - 0.6 = 8.65
2 (1) 0.85
a OK, limits met
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Example
Solution
Step 5: Compute required number of FRP layers
Take Equation 5-2 and rearrange for Nb:
flfrp = Eq. 5-2
Dg
flfrp Dg 4.02 (500)

Nb: Nb = =
2 ffrp ffrpu tfrp 2 (0.75) (1200) (0.3)
Nb = 3.72 a Use 4 layers

ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Example
Solution
Step 6: Compute factored axial strength of FRP-wrapped column
Use Equations 5-2, 5-5, 5-4 and 5-9:
flfrp: flfrp = = 4.32 MPa
Dg
2 flfrp
ww : ww = = 0.48
fc f’c
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Example
Solution
Step 6: Compute factored axial strength of FRP-wrapped column
Use Equations 5-2, 5-5, 5-4 and 5-9:
f’cc: f’cc = f’c (1 + apcww) = 44.4 MPa
Prmax: Prmax = ke [a1fcf’cc (Ag-As) + fs fy As]

Prmax = 4230 kN > Pf = 4200 kN
Note: Additional checks should be performed for creep and fatigue
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Specifications & Quality Control
• Strengthening of structures with FRP is a relatively

simple technique
• However, it is essential to performance to install
the FRP system properly
Specifications
Quality Control / Quality Assurance
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Specifications
Approval of FRP materials
Handling and storage of FRP materials
Staff and contractor qualifications
Concrete surface preparation
Installation of FRP systems
Adequate conditions for FRP cure
Protection and finishing for FRP system

ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Quality Control and Quality Assurance

Material qualification and acceptance
Qualification of contractor personnel
Inspection of concrete substrate
FRP material inspection
Testing to ensure as-built condition
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Additional Applications
Prestressed FRP Sheets
• One way to improve FRP effectiveness is to apply

prestress to the sheet prior to bonding
• This allows the FRP to contribute to both service
and ultimate load-bearing situations
• It can also help close existing cracks, and delay
the formation of new cracks
• Prestressing FRP sheets is a promising technique,
but is still in initial stages of development
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Additional Applications
NSM Techniques
• Newer class of FRP strengthening techniques: near

surface mounting reinforcement (NSMR)
Unstrengthened Longitudinal grooves FRP strips placed Grooves filled

concrete T-beam cut into soffit in grooves with epoxy grout
• Research indicates NSMR is effective and efficient

for strengthening
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Field Applications
Maryland Bridge
Winnipeg, Manitoba
Constructed in 1969
Twin five-span continuous
precast prestressed girders
CFRP sheets to upgrade
shear capacity
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
John Hart Bridge
Prince George, BC
64 girder ends were shear
strengthened with CFRP
Increase in shear capacity of
15-20%
Upgrade completed in 6
weeks
Locations for FRP shear reinforcement
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
Country Hills Boulevard Bridge
Calgary, AB
Deck strengthened in negative

bending with CFRP strips
New wearing surface placed on top
of FRP strips
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
St. Émélie Bridge
Sainte-Émélie-de-l'Énergie,
Quebec
Single-span, simply
supported tee-section bridge
Strengthened for flexure and
shear
Site preparation: 3 weeks,
FRP installation: 5 days
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Design Guidance
Canadian codes exist for the design of FRP-

reinforced concrete members
CAN/CSA-S6-00: The Canadian Highway Bridge Design

Code (CHBDC)
CAN/CSA-S806-02: Design and Construction of Building

Components with Fibre Reinforced Polymers
ISIS EC Module 4
Repair with
FRP Additional Information
Available from www.isiscanada.com

ISIS Design Manual No. 3: Reinforcing Concrete Structures with Fiber
Reinforced Polymers
ISIS Design Manual No. 4: Strengthening Reinforced Concrete
Structures with Externally-Bonded Fiber Reinforced Polymer
ISIS EC Module 1: An Introduction to FRP Composites for Construction
ISIS EC Module 3: An introduction to FRP-Reinforced Concrete

Structures
ISIS EC Module 4: An Introduction to FRP-Strengthening of Reinforced
Concrete Structures
ISIS EC Module 4

An Introduction To FRP-Strengthening of Concrete Structures

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An Introduction To FRP-Strengthening of Concrete Structures

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ISIS Educational Module 4:

FRP Module Objectives

• To provide students with a general

• To introduce students to the general

Additional Info Introduction

Field Applications FRP Materials

Specifications & Beam & One-Way

• The world’s population depends on an extensive

Global Infrastructure Crisis

• A primary factor leading to extensive degradation…

Moisture, oxygen and Corrosion products form End result

• Why repair with the same materials?

Lightweight High Strength

Tension and/or Along long.

Confinement Around Circumferential

• Longstanding reputation in automotive and

• Over the past 15 years have FRP materials been

• Wide range of FRP products

Fibre Composite Matrix

Creates a material with attributes superior to either component alone!

• Typical FRP stress-strain behaviour

Resin acts as adhesive

• Higher ultimate strength 1 2 3

Type of fibre and matrix

But not when life-cycle costs are considered

v Updated Design Loads

xIncrease in Traffic Loads

Determine concrete condition

Identify the cause of the deficiency

All past modifications

Actual size of elements

• One of the key aspects of

• Concrete must transfer load from the elements to

• Surface modification required where surface flaws exist

Material Bridge Building

Steel fS =0.90 fS =0.85

Concrete fC =0.75 fC =0.6

Carbon ffrp = 0.75

Debonding is prevented through special end anchorages

Ts = fsAsfs Tfrp = ffrpAfrpEfrpefrp Cc = fca1f’cb1bc

a1 = 0.85-0.0015f’c > 0.67 Eq. 4-8

b1 = 0.97-0.0025f’c > 0.67 Eq. 4-9

fsAsfs + ffrpAfrpEfrpefrp = fca1f’cb1bc Eq. 4-10

If true, go to Step 6 If false, go to Step 5

fsAsfy + ffrpAfrpEfrpefrpu = fca1f’cb1bc Eq. 4-15

f’c = 45 MPa efrpu = 1.55 %

Assume failure of beam due to crushing of concrete in

a1 = 0.85 – 0.0015 f’c > 0.67

b1 = 0.85 – 0.0025 f’c > 0.67

fca1f’cb1bc = fsAsfs + ffrpAfrpEfrpefrp

0.6 (0.78) (45) (0.86) (105) c 0.85 (300) (400)

efrp = ecu (h-c)/c vs. efrpu = 0.0155 Eq. 4-11

Therefore, FRP rupture does NOT occur

0.85 (300) (400) 325 - 0.86 x 90.5

*U-wraps also improve the anchorage of flexural FRP external reinforcement

External strengthening with FRPs:

Flexural failure Generally fairly ductile

Shear failure Sudden and brittle

Undesirable failure mode

Vr = Vc + Vs + Vfrp Eq. 4-18

Vc = 0.2 fc√f’c bwd Eq. 4-19

efrpe = R efrpu ≤ 0.004 Eq. 4-23

Prevents shear cracks from widening