Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
respect to Mechanical
Engineering
Dr. G. H. Upadhyay
Professor & Head
Mechanical Engineering Department
L. D. College of Engineering
Ahmedabad
Email:
gautam.upadhyay@gmail.com
Compared to Human Hair
A Human Hair is about 100,000µm wide
How small is Nano - small?
Units in nanometers (µm)
For Pam Norris- July 2009
Length Scales: Another perspective
Richard Feynman - “Grandfather” of
Nanotechnology
1959 - Richard Feynman - Nobel Prize in
Physics
“There’s plenty of room at the bottom” - an
invitation to enter a new field of physics
Offered two $1000 prizes:
◦ Build an electric motor in a 1/64 inch cube
◦ Reduce a page of a book by a factor of 25,000;
read using an electron microscope
1960 - engineer claimed the first prize
1985 - graduate student wrote a page from A
Tale of Two Cities 1/160 millimeter in length
using Ebeam lithography
Why Nanotechnology?
At the nanoscale, the physical, chemical,
and biological properties of materials differ
in fundamental and valuable ways from the
properties of individual atoms and
molecules or bulk matter.
Features
• Small Particles- More surface area
more atoms to contact a surface
• Extremely precise – Materials can be
made close to perfection to the point that
exact number of atoms can be measured.
Nanotechnology spans many Areas
Advance
Materials &
Textiles NANOTECHNOLOGY National
Security &
Defense
Energy &
Environment
Food and
Aerospace Medicine Agriculture
/
Health
Nanotechnology Reaches Many Disciplines
Nanotech
Space
Impact of Nanotechnology
Applications of Nanotechnology
burn and wound dressings, water filtration
devices, paints, cosmetics, coatings,
lubricants, textiles, memory/storage
devices
medical diagnostics, displays, sensors,
drug delivery, composite materials, solid
state lighting, bio-materials, nano arrays,
more powerful computers, protective
armor, chem-bio suits, and chem-bio
sensors
Current Applications
2011-15 -- nanobiomaterials,
microprocessors, new catalysts, portable
energy cells, solar cells, tissue/organ
regeneration, smart implants
2016 and beyond – molecular
circuitry, quantum computing, new
materials, fast chemical analyses
Future Applications
• "The buckyball, being the roundest of round
molecules, is also quite resistant to high speed
collisions.
• In fact, the buckyball can withstand slamming into a
stainless steel plate at 15,000 mph, merely bouncing
back, unharmed.
• When compressed to 70 percent of its original size,
the buckyball becomes more than twice as hard as
its cousin, diamond.(The Buckyball - Rodrigo de Almeida Siqueira.)
• Because the buckyballs sphere is hollow, other atoms
can be trapped within it. They have heat-resistance
and electrical conductivity.
Applications of “The buckyball” appear to be
endless.
• Early growth will come from numerous niche applications that span
the entire US manufacturing sector.
•
• These include
wafer polishing abrasives and high density data storage media for the electronics industry
improved diagnostic aids for the medical community
transparent sunscreens
stain-resistant pants and wear-resistant flooring for consumers
cost-cutting equipment coatings for the defense industry
fuel-saving components for the auto industry; and
better paper and ink for the printing industry.
Instruments
◦ Nano-indentors
◦ Atomic Force Microscopes http://www.thealarmclock.com/eur
Feedback control o/archives/2007/10/from_austria_s
emicon_1.html
◦ Nano-scale precision
◦ Measure forces down to
piconewton levels
Integration and Packaging
◦ Integrating building blocks in a
rational manner to make a
functional device or system
Manufacturing
◦ Assembling large quantities of http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki
/File:Atomic_force_microscope_bl
nanostructures ock_diagram.png
Vision
http://www.pdphoto.org/PictureDetail.php?m
at=pdef&pg=5667
http://green.autoblog.com/2007/06/18/loremo-
high-res-gallery-of-live-pics/
Advice for mechanical engineers: get into nanotechnology
53
A structure of the size of an atom represents one of the
fundamental limit.
Fabricating or making anything smaller require manipulation
in atomic or molecular level and that is like changing one
chemical form to other.
Scientist and engineers have just started developing new
techniques for making nanostructures.
Nanoscience
The nanoscience is matured.
The age of nanofabrication is here.
The age of nanotechnology - that is the
Nanofabrication Nanotechnology practical use of nanostructure has just
started.
Nanotechnology
in
Mechanical Engineering
New Basic
Concepts
Nano-
Nano-Scale Nano-fluidics
Mechanics
Heat Transfer
Applications
55
Applications
Structural materials
Nano devices and sensors
Coolants and heat spreaders
Lubrication
Engine emission reduction
Fuel cell – nanoporous electrode/membranes/nanocatalyst
Hydrogen storage medium
Sustainable energy generation - Photovoltaic cells for power
conversion
Biological systems and biomedicine
56
Carbon -Nanotubes
Carbon nanotubes are hollow
cylinders made up of carbon
atoms.
The diameter of carbon nanotube
is few nanometers and they can be
several millimeters in length.
Carbon nanotubes looks like rolled
tubes of graphite and their walls
are like hexagonal carbon rings and
are formed in large bundles.
Have high surface area per unit
volume
Carbon nanotubes are 100 times
stronger than steel at one-sixth of
the weight.
Carbon nanotubes have the ability
to sustain high temperature ~
2000 C.
57
There are four types of carbon
nanotube: Single Walled Carbon
Nanotube (SWNT), Multi Walled
Xarbon nanotube (MWNT),
Fullerene and Torus.
SWNTs are made up of single
cylindrical grapheme layer
MWNTs is made up of multiple
Grapheme layers.
SWNT possess important electric
properties which MWNT does
not.
SWNT are excellent conductors,
so finds its application in
miniaturizing electronics
components.
58
Nanocomposites
Formed by combining two or
more nanomaterials to
achieve better properties.
Gives the best properties of
each individual nanomaterial.
Show increase in strength,
modulus of elasticity and
strain in failure.
Interfacial characteristics,
shape, structure and
properties of individual
nanomaterials decide the
properties.
Find use in high performance,
lightweight, energy savings
and environmental protection
applications
- buildings and structures,
automobiles and aircrafts.
59
Nanostructured Materials
All the properties of
nanostructured are controlled by
changes in atomic structure, in length
scales, in sizes and in alloying
components.
61
Nanofluids
Nanofluids are engineered colloid formed with stable
suspensions of solid nano-particles in traditional base
liquids.
Base fluids: Water, organic fluids, Glycol, oil, lubricants
and other fluids
Nanoparticle materials:
- Metal Oxides:
- Stable metals: Au, cu
- Carbon: carbon nanotubes (SWNTs, MWNTs),
diamond, graphite, fullerene, Amorphous Carbon
- Polymers : Teflon
Nanoparticle size: 1-100 nm
62
Nanofluid Heat Transfer Enhancement
63
Nanofluids and Nanofludics
64
Nano-fluid Applications
65
Nano-Biotechnology
When the tools and processes of nanotechnology are
applied towards biosystems, it is called nanobiotechnology.
Due to characteristic length scale and unique properties,
nanomaterials can find its application in biosystems.
Nanocomposite materials can play great role in
development of materials for biocompatible implant.
Nano sensors and nanofluidcs have started playing an
important role in diagnostic tests and drug delivering system
for decease control.
The long term aim of nano-biotechnology is to build tiny
devices with biological tools incorporated into it diagonistic
and treatment..
66
Nanotechnology Research at the School of
Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University
The research activities are built upon traditional mechanical
engineering disciplines, but extended into the nanoscale
science and technology with the use of modern experimental
and computational tools.
Current research activities include nanoscale heat transfer,
fluidics, manufacturing, optics, nano- and micro-scale electro-
mechanical devices (NEMS and MEMS)
-with Most of the research is conducted at the newly
established Birck Nanotechnology Center.
A number of research laboratories provide state-of-the-art
facilities for Nanotechnology research projects
Advanced Micro/Nanomechanical Materials
and Process Technologies
To date, materials selection capability in micro/nanosystems
applications has been relatively limited, due primarily to the
predominance of microfabrication processes and
infrastructure dedicated to silicon.
Research in this area, therefore, seeks to develop the
materials and process technologies required for realization of
applications that are either impractical or impossible using
conventional silicon-based micromachining, e.g. biomedical
and harsh environment applications.
Areas of specific interest with this context that are currently
under development include anisotropic titanium
micromachining, micromechanical composites, and novel
applications thereof.
The creation of new materials with superior strength,
electrical conductivity, conduction or resistance to heat and
other properties.
Microscopic machines for a variety of uses, including probes
that could be injected into the body for medical diagnostics
and repair.
A technology in which biology and electronics are merged,
creating “bio-chips” that detect food-borne contamination,
dangerous substances in the blood or chemical warfare
agents in the air.
The creation of artificial organs and prosthetics that enhance
the quality of life.
MEMS (Applications)
Nanostructured Catalysts
Drug Delivery systems
Molecular Assembler/Replicators
Sensors
Magnetic Storage Applications
Reinforced Polymers
Nanofluids
Top 5 Trends in Nanotechnology
(The American Society of Mechanical Engineers)
For many, nanotechnology is viewed as merely a way
to make stronger and lighter tennis rackets, baseball
bats, hockey sticks, racing bikes, and other athletic
equipment.
But nanotechnology promises to do so much more. A
more realistic view is that it will leave virtually no
aspect of life untouched and is expected to be in
widespread use by 2020.
Mass applications are likely to have great impact
particularly in industry, medicine, new computing
systems, and sustainability.
1. Stronger Materials/Higher Strength Composites
The next generation of graphene and carbon nanotube-based
devices will lead to even lighter but stronger structures than
has been made possible by carbon fibre and will become
increasingly obvious in cars, bicycles, and sporting equipment.
2. Scalability of Production
One big challenge is how to produce nanomaterials that
makes them affordable. According to Dr. Timothy Fisher,
Purdue University professor of mechanical engineering,
technologies that can impact grand challenge problems such
as food, water, energy, and environment must be scalable.
3. More Commercialization
"Advances will make the use of carbon nanotube materials
even more compelling for mechanical engineers,“ says David J.
Arthur, CEO, SouthWest NanoTechnologies, a producer of
carbon nanotubes.
In addition to transforming the automotive, aerospace, and
sporting goods fields, nanotechnology is facilitating so many
diverse improvements:
thinner, affordable, and more durable flat panel displays
improved armor materials to protect soldiers
sensors for medical testing
more humane and effective treatments for cancer patients
enhanced cathode materials for safer and longer life Li-ion batteries; and
the list goes on.
4. Sustainability
Mike Nelson, chief technology officer, NanoInk Inc., says
nanomaterials and nanostructured surfaces are increasingly
employed in many advanced energy storage and conversion
projects, and nanomaterials and nanomanufacturing
contribute to products that are more energy efficient in both
production and use.
Dr. Eric Majzoub, associate director, Centre for Nanoscience,
University of Missouri - St. Louis, says this is done by
controlling thermodynamics of solid-solid reactions through
nanoscale size reduction and it can improve energy-storage
materials including batteries, supercapacitors and hydrogen
storage.
Nelson sees the greatest near-term impact in sustainability
coming in the areas of transportation (more efficient and
lighter materials for autos and aircraft, requiring less fuel) and
in three other related areas: lighting, photovoltaics,
and energy storage.
5. Nanomedicine
Nowhere is the application of nanotechnology more exciting
than in the biomedical field, where advances are being made
in both diagnostics and treatment areas.
Houston-based Nanospectra Biosciences has been developing
a new therapy using a combination of gold nanoshells and
lasers to destroy cancer tumours with heat.
Based on work done by Rice University professors, Dr. Naomi
Halas and Dr. Jennifer West, the technology promises to
destroy tumours with minimal damage to adjacent healthy
tissue.
The great interest in nano-structured ceramics originates from the observations
and expectations of unique mechanical properties in these materials.
Examples in normally brittle ceramics include:
◦ Very high hardness
◦ High fracture toughness
◦ Superplastic behavior
Silicon carbide is of particular interest because of its potential technological
applications in high-temperature structural and electronic components.
Although enhanced mechanical properties are often associated with the
reduction in grain sizes, it has recently been conjectured that nano-structured
ceramics might exhibit an inverse Hall-Petch effect
◦ Hardness decreases when grain size decreases in the nano-scale grain-size
regime
Such peculiar behavior has been observed in ductile nano-phase materials (e.g.,
nano-structured metals) with porous grain boundaries (GBs) by means of
simulations and experiments.
The behavior was attributed to a crossover from dislocation-mediated plasticity
for large grain size to GB sliding for small grain size.
A similar mechanistic understanding in ceramics is still lacking.
In contrast with nano-structured metals, nano-structured ceramics
have an increased volume fraction of disordered intergranular films,
which are observed both experimentally and by means of molecular
dynamics (MD) simulations.
In particular, for brittle ceramics such as SiC, mechanical properties
such as toughness are essentially determined by soft (often
amorphous) GB phases.
Recent experiments of nano-indentation of nano-crystalline SiC (n-
SiC) films with grain sizes of 5 to 20 nm have shown “superhardness,”
i.e., hardness largely exceeding that of a bulk crystalline SiC (3C-SiC).
The experimental hardness was shown to be sensitive to the grain
size and the fraction of the amorphous GB phase.
However, their effects on mechanical responses at the atomistic
level are largely unknown.
Mechanical applications of nanotechnology are upcoming and
necessary for further development.
Nano-devices need a power source
◦ Power harnessed from light
Physical properties are dependent on grain size, and nano-
indentation is a unique way to measure a material’s physical
properties
Nanoscale mechanical resonance are very useful for
measurements
◦ Spectral sensing
◦ Nanoscale transducers
◦ Plasmonic Photodetection
◦ Ultrasensitive mass detection
References:
1. The Basics of Nanotechnology - University of Oxford
https://www.conted.ox.ac.uk/basics-of-nanotechnology
2. Key Engineering Materials, Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.
3. Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Lorre, Purdue University.
4. Department of Mechanical Engineering -Stevens Institute of Technology.
5. ASME- The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
6. CRC Press 2009.
7. Nanotechnology-A Brief Overview, Nanotechnology Commercialization Group.
8. Nanowerk Spotlight, Aug 18, 2008.
9. Mechanical Engineering Department, Purdue University.
10. University of Virginia Center for Diversity in Engineering and the School of
Engineering and Applied Sciences.
12. http://www.princeton.edu/~pccm/outreach/NanoScope.jpg
13. Introduction to Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, K. K. Chattopadhyay & A. N.
Banerjee, PHI (2009).
14. Nano Materials, A. K. Bandopadhyay, New Age International Pub., 2010.
15. www.sciencespot.net/Pages/kdzchem.html
Thank you
Thank you