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Species diversity
includes both species
richness and the
abundance of different
species
ECOLOGY OF COMMUNITIES
ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY
MODEL
-States that species diversity on
the an island depends on:
1. Distance from mainland
2. Total area of the island
Community interaction
• Ecological
-The sum total of an organism’s use of biotic and abiotic resources
in its environment ; its ‘ecological role’
• Habitat
-Where an organism lives and reproduces in the environment.
The niche
• The functional role of the organism in an ecosystem.
• Fundamental
-The set of resources a population is
theoretically capable of using under
ideal conditions
• Realized
-The resources a population actually
uses
• Thus, 2 species cannot coexist in a
community if their niches are identical
The niche vs habitat
• What is the difference between the niche and habitat of
an organisms ???
-The niche includes the habitat and also the way in which
the organism uses the condition of the area.
Competition between population
• One fed on the food at the bottom and the other fed the
food suspended in solution
• They have same size , and all feed on a type of spruce tree caterpillar .
• Robert MacArthur recorded the amount of time each five warbler species in
different regions of source to determine where each species did most its feeding .
• Each species primarily used different parts of the tree , more specialized niche .
EXAMPLE 2
• However ,each type of bird has a different nesting site and migrate at a slightly
different time of year .
• So, they not competing for the same food source at the same time .
Predator-Prey Interactions
Prey
Predator
Prey
Defenses
Warning
Camouflage Fright
colorization
Mimicry ( looking like another organism to increase chance of
survival)
Place that has no base soil and Place that has soil, humus and some
AREA OF HAPPENING
LIFELESS inhabitants
Long Short
DURATION
( 100 - 1000 years ) ( 50 - 200 years )
Pioneer species