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LECTURE 4
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The Cellular Concept
1. Introduction
2. Frequency Reuse
3. Channel Assignment Strategies
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Early Mobile Telephone Systems
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Basics
Early mobile telephony systems were not cellular. Coverage over a large
area was provided by a high powered transmitter mounted on a tall tower.
Frequency reuse was not employed. That resulted in very low capacity.
The cellular concept arose from the need to restructure the radio telephone
system with the increase in demand. The increase in demand could not be
satisfied just by additional spectrum allocations.
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Cell – a geographical area covered by a BS.
Frequency Reuse – the frequency channels allocation scheme.
For convenience, the cells are shown with a hex pattern. A hex pattern is
the simplest pattern that can tessellate an area.
In practice, cells are not hexagonal and BS are not exactly in the center of
the cell.
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An Example of a Cellular Cluster
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Capacity Computations
Assume there are N cells, each allocated k different frequency channels.
These N cells are said to form a cluster. Total number of channels per
cluster is given by
S=kN
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Capacity versus interference for
same size cell
Decrease N for More Capacity: If Cluster Size, N is decreased
while cell size remains fixed, more clusters are required to cover the
area (M increases). Therefore, Capacity increases.
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Frequency Reuse
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Frequency Reuse
Geometry of the hexagonal cells is such that to cover adjacent areas
completely, N can have only some of the values.
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Frequency Reuse (N=7, i=2, j=1)
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Frequency Reuse (N=19, i=3, j=2)
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Example:
A total of 33 MHz are allocated to a system which uses 2x25 kHz for
full duplex (i.e., each channel is 50 kHz). What is the number of
channels per cell?
Number of channels per system
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Now assume 1 MHz of the 33 MHz is allocated to control channels.
Each control channel is still 50 kHz Total number of voice (traffic)
channels is now
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Channel Assignment
Strategies
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Channel Allocation Techniques
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Fixed Channel Allocation Techniques
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Features of Fixed Channel Allocation
Techniques
FCA is the optimum allocation strategy for uniform traffic across the
cells.
A non uniform FCA strategy, when it is possible to evaluate GOS in
real time and adjust the FCA accordingly. This requires a more
complex algorithm.
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Channel Borrowing
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Dynamic Channel Allocation
All channels are placed in a pool, and are assigned to new calls
according to the reuse pattern. Signal is returned to the pool, when
call is completed.
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Comparison of Channel Allocation
Techniques
Fixed Channel Allocation
Advantages:
Less load on MSC
Simple
Disadvantages:
Blocking may happen
Dynamic Channel Allocation
Advantages:
Voice channels are not allocated permanently. That is shared on need-basis
Disadvantages:
Requires MSC for processing---burden on MSC
May be very complicated
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Hand off
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Assignment # 1:
Due date – 02 February, 2012
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