Control Chart for Variables

Syllabus for 2nd Test

Type 1 and Type 2 Errors
Control charts Patters
Process Capability
Numerical Problems

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 Control Chart for Variables
A control chart is an important aid or statistical
device used for the study and control of the
repetitive processes. Control chart was developed
by Dr. W.A. Shewhart and it is based upon the fact
that variability does exist in all the repetitive
processes.
In nature two extremely similar things are difficult
to obtain. If at all we come across exactly similar
things, it must be only by chance. This fact holds
good for production processes as well. No
production process is good enough to produce all
items of products exactly alike.

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 Control Chart for Variables
Most industrial and administrative situations
involve a combination of materials, men and
machines. Each of these elements of combination
has some inherent or natural variability, the causes
of which cannot be isolated plus the unnatural
variability or variability due to assignable causes
which can be isolated and therefore controlled and
reduced to economic minimum.
Therefore, we conclude that there exist two kinds
of variations :
Variations due to assignable causes.
Variations due to chance causes.
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 Control Chart for Variables
Variations Due to Assignable Causes:
1. Differences among machines.
2. Differences among workers.
3. Differences among materials.
4. Differences in each of these factors over time.
5. Differences in their relationship to one another

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 Control Chart for Variables
Variation Due to Chance Causes (Random
Variations):
For example, a little play between nut and screw at
random may lead to back-lash error and may cause
a change in dimension of a machined part. The
chance factors affect each component in a separate
manner. It has been established that if the
variations are due to chance factors alone, the
observations will follow a 'normal curve'.
Knowledge of the behaviour of chance variation is
the foundation on which control chart analysis
rests.
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 Control Chart for Variables
Definition Of Control Chart:
The control charts which are most commonly used
are :
1. Control charts for measurable quality
characteristics (control charts for variables).
This includes X bar and R charts and charts for X
bar and sigma
2. Control charts for fraction defective (P-chart).
3. Control chart for number of defects per unit
(C-chart).

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d2 Table B

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A2 Table C

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A1 Table D

D3 Table C
D4 Table C
A Table E

D1 Table E
D2 Table E
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Some Control Chart Patterns
The control chart patterns can be broadly classified into
two categories :
Chance (natural) pattern of variation:
Assignable cause (unnatural) pattern of variation:
The process will be in a state of statistical control if a
chance pattern of variation is exhibited by the X bar
and R charts. The unnatural pattern of variation
indicates that the process is out of control and
corrective action is necessary.

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 Control Chart for Variables
Some Control Chart Patterns
Chance Pattern of Variation:
(i) Most of the points will lie near the central line.
(it) Very few points will be near the control limits.
(in) None of the points (except 3 in a thousand) fall
outside the control limits.

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 Control Chart for Variables
Some Control Chart Patterns
Assignable Cause (Unnatural) Pattern of Variation:
The most important types of assignable cause patterns
of variations are ;
1) Extreme Variation 2) Indication of Trend
3) Shifts 3) Erratic Fluctuations.

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Process Capability Analysis

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Process Capability Analysis
Process Control to Specification Limits:

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Process Capability Analysis
Process Control to Specification Limits:

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Process Capability Analysis
Process Control to Specification Limits:

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