PSYCHOLOGYOF

TRAVEL
Dr.Md.Sabir Hussain
The Different Types
of Tourism
 A Choice Between
Two Categories of Tourism:

MASS TOURISM V.S. ALTERNATIVE

 Mass Tourism:
 The organized movement of large groups of people
to specialized tourist locations.
 A consequence of the increase of people traveling
for pleasure; developed to cater to huge numbers of
tourists.
 Examples: whole resort towns, theme parks,
tourism business districts, cruises, packaged
vacations, all-inclusive resorts, etc.
Mass Tourism
 A Choice Between
Two Categories of Tourism:

MASS TOURISM V.S. ALTERNATIVE

 Alternative Tourism:
 Individually planned activities to gain and experience
first-hand knowledge about local cultures and
environments.
 Focus on secluded areas, occur during non-peak
travelling times, can include arranging own flights and
accommodations.
 Example: a self-planned biking trip through Vermont,
while camping or arranging accommodations “as you go.”
Alternative Tourism
A Quick Comparison between Mass
and Alternative Tourism
Mass Tourism
large groups
traditional
fixed program
focus on “sights”
little or no background research
desire for souvenirs
purchase items while there
may involve loud social activities
snapshots and postcards
no language preparation
Alternative Tourism
singles, families, friends
recent trend
spontaneous decisions
focus on “experiences”
careful preparation and research
desire for memories / knowledge
bring items to give away
quiet, low impact
photography and painting
learn local language
 The Different Types of Tourism
(A General Overview)
We have already discussed the travel variables
that influence people to travel, or to stay at
home. When travel motivators and barriers
combine with these variables, they affect the
travel destination and what type of travel
experience the tourist signs up for. Today, the
tourism industry offers
many specialized forms of tourism in order to
meet the increasingly diverse and the unique
requests of a demanding public. People want
to be able to choose from a variety of options
based on to their needs and desires!
 The Different Types of Tourism
(A General Overview)
These “types of tourism” categories are a
useful way to start looking at where
tourists go, why they go there, and what
they do while on vacation. However, it is
important to note that these categories are
not always as clear cut as they suggest, as
travelers will engage in variety of activities
while on vacation, many of which overlap
into more than one category.
 Pleasure Tourism

 To improve the physical or spiritual condition of an

individual .
 Examples: yoga workshops, detoxification clinics,
spas, etc.
 Business Tourism

 To complete a business transaction or attend a

business meeting / conference.
 Nature Tourism

 To enjoy a natural setting or wildlife, including

ecotourism.
 Cultural Tourism
 Travel to experience the history, folklore, and
culture of people, to experience the arts or
history of a location or travel to immerse
oneself in the language, society, or culture of a
region.
 Social Tourism

 Travel that involves the company of others, such as

tour-bus travel or family visits.
 Recreation Tourism

 To escape the routine of daily life, such as camping

or going to a beach.
 Active Tourism

 Has a set objective, such as climbing a mountain or

learning a new language.
 Sports Tourism

 To experience a sport or sporting event, such as ski

holidays or the Olympics.
 Religious Tourism

 Involves visiting a place of spiritual significance.

 Health / Medical Tourism

 To improve one’s health, such as a visit to a health

resort or weight-loss camp.
 *Adventure Tourism

 Involves challenges and adventure, such as trekking

through a tropical rainforest or rock climbing.

* Types of Sustainable Tourism, a movement, which started around 2000.

 *Wilderness Tourism

 To experience something very different from

everyday life in remote wilderness areas.

* Types of Sustainable Tourism, a movement, which started around 2000.

 *Ecotourism

 Stresses low-impact adventure in a natural setting;

sometimes called “green tourism.”

* Types of Sustainable Tourism, a movement, which started around 2000.

 Cruise Tourism
a) Ocean Cruise‘ Cruise Shipping' is one of the most dynamic and fastest growing
components of the leisure industry worldwide. It is fast emerging as a new
marketable product. India with its vast and beautiful coastline, virgin forests
and undisturbed idyllic islands, rich historical and cultural heritage, can
emerge as an attractive tourist destination for cruise tourists.
River Cruise

 Ministry of Tourism provides Central Financial Assistance

(CFA) to State Governments/Union Territories for
development of tourist infrastructure and promotion of
tourism including River Cruise. During 12th Five Year
Plan.
Adventure Tourism

 Adventure travel involves exploration or travel to

remote ,exotic areas. Adventure tourism is rapidly
growing in popularity as a tourist seeks different kinds
of vacations. Any constructive activity which tests the
endurance of both a person and his equipment to its
extreme limit is termed as Adventure.
Medical Tourism
 The services typically sought by travelers include joint replacement
(knee/hip),cardiac surgery, dental surgery and cosmetic surgeries. However,
virtually every type of health care, including psychiatry, alternative
treatments, convalescent care are available in India. Besides India, there are
several Asian destinations like Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, etc. that are
offering Medical care facilities and promoting Medical Tourism.
India’s stand
India stands out amongst there for the
following reasons:-
 State of Art Medical facilities
 Reputed health care professionals
 Quality Nursing facilities
 No waiting time for availing the medical
services
 India's traditional healthcare therapies like
 Ayurveda and Yoga, combined with allopathic
 Wellness Tourism
 Wellness Tourism is about travelling for the
primary purpose of achieving, promoting or
maintaining maximum health and a sense of
wellbeing. It is about being proactive in
discovering new ways to promote a healthier, less
stressful lifestyle. It is about finding balance in
one's life. Health Tourism holds immense
potential for India. The Indian systems of
medicine, that I Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Yoga,
Panchakarma, Rejuvenation Therapy, etc. are
among the most ancient systems of medical
treatment in the world.
 Golf Tourism

 Sports tourism in India is gaining

interest. One of the latest trends in
golf tourism is the fact that there has
been a recent surge in the interest
levels amongst youth, the world over.
 Meetings Incentives
Conferences
Conventions and conferences are, today
and Exhibitions
acknowledged as a(MICE)
significant segment of
the
tourism industry. A large number of
conferences are held around the world every
year. In order to promote India more
effectively as a convention destination, the
travel industry, under the patronage of the
Ministry of Tourism, set up the India
Convention Promotion Bureau (ICPB) in
1988.
 Polo Tourism
India has a rich history of sporting traditions,
including Polo. The game of Polo originated
in
India and India is one of the few countries in
the world where this game is still preserved
and practiced. The Kolkata Polo Club, which
is 150 year old is the oldest Polo club in the
world. Therefore, Polo can rightly be termed
as a "Heritage Sport" of
India.
 Eco Tourism

India which accounts for nearly 1/6th of

world's population, has only around 2.2
percent of earth's landmass. The growing
tourist demand is already exerting pressure
on our natural and other resources.
Considering the importance of developing
tourism in ecologically sustainable manner,
the Ministry has been laying stress on
maintenance of environmental integrity.
Sustainable Tourism

"Recognizing that every earth resource is

finite and fragile, I/We further pledge to
fully implement sustainable tourism
practices, consistent with the best
environment and heritage protection
standards, such that my/our present
tourism resource requirements optimize
both local community benefit and future
sustainable uses."
Rural Tourism
The scheme of Rural Tourism was started by
the Ministry in 2002-03 with the objective of
showcasing rural life, art, culture and
heritage at rural locations and in villages,
which have core competence in art & craft,
handloom, and textiles as also an asset base
in the natural environment. The intention is
to benefit the local community economically
and socially as well as enable interaction
between tourists and local population for a
mutually enriching experience.
 ACCESSIBLE TOURISM
People with different abilities and older
persons are now becoming a growing group of
consumers of travel, sports and other leisure
oriented products and services. In an effort to
tap the potential of this group of tourists in the
country, the Ministry of Tourism has took an
initiative to make tourist destinations barrier-
free. Guidelines were issued to states for
making the tourist-facilities, which are being
created with central financial assistance,
barrier-free.
 Accessible tourism-That segment of the tourism
industry dedicated to serving the needs of the
physically disabled.
Active tourism-A
style or philosophy
of leisure travel
that combines
elements of
adventure, nature,
and cultural
tourism, with an
emphasis on low-
impact and
Sustainable tourism
and the use of local
guides.
Adventure
tourism-
Recreational
travel
undertaken to
remote or
exotic
destinations for
the purpose of
exploration or
engaging in a
variety of
rugged
activities.
Agro-tourism-
Recreational
travel
undertaken
to
agricultural
areas or to
participate in
agricultural
activities.
 Dark tourism- Travel undertaken to visit
places associated with death or suffering,
such as cemeteries or New York’s “Ground
Zero.” Also called black tourism or grief
tourism.
 Debaucherism- Derived from the word
"debauchery." Travel for the purpose of
engaging in drinking and round-the-clock
partying that is frequently erotic in
nature. A person engaged in such travel is
a "debaucherist."
 Disaster tourism- Travel undertaken for
the purpose of visiting the scene of a
natural disaster, usually with a
connotation of voyeurism
 Ecotourism- A style of travel in which an emphasis
is placed on unspoiled, natural destinations and on
disturbing the environment as little as possible.
 Ethno-tourism- Travel conducted in whole or in part
to visit and experience primitive cultures and
societies.
 Extreme tourism- Recreational travel to partake in
dangerous or physically risky sports or other
activities. Tourism to war zones. Also called “shock
tourism.”
 Flash-packing- Luxury backpacking, characterized
by top of the line equipment and clothing and
lavish spending on meals, overnight
accommodation and various tourist activities.
 Free-hiking- The practice of hiking naked, although
sturdy footwear and backpacks are often involved.
Also called naked hiking.
 Gastro-tourism- Recreational travel undertaken
solely or primarily to experience the food and wine
of a region. See also gastronaut.
 Grief tourism- Travel to the scene of a disaster or
tragedy to mourn the victims.
 Health tourism- Travel undertaken to enjoy a more
salutary environment, to seek out alternative
therapeutic treatments, or to visit a health spa.
See also medical tourism.
 Hobby tourism- Travel undertaken, often in
groups, to visit with people of similar interests
or to engage in a specific avocation.
 Hunting tourism- Leisure travel undertaken for
the purpose of hunting game animals, either in
the wild or on tracts of land created specially
for hunting.
 Inclusive tourism- Travel designed for the
special needs of those with physical disabilities
or other limitations. See also accessible
tourism.
 Intellectual tourism- Recreational travel
undertaken solely or primarily for educational
purposes.
 Medical tourism- Travel that includes arrangements for
medical procedures, most often elective plastic surgery. See
also health tourism.
 Narco-tourism- Recreational travel undertaken to use drugs
that are illegal in the traveler’s home country and that
may or may not be legal in the country visited.
 Nature-based tourism- Leisure travel undertaken largely or
solely for the purpose of enjoying natural attractions and
engaging in a variety of outdoor activities. Bird watching,
hiking, fishing, and beachcombing are all examples of nature-
based tourism.
 Party tourism- Travel, typically by people under 30 and
especially prevalent in Northern Europe, to warm
destinations in the Mediterranean for the purpose of
indulgence in drinking, dancing, and other party behavior.
 Perpetual tourism- The phenomenon of people
traveling almost constantly, with no fixed abode;
often undertaken for tax purposes by wealthy
individuals.
 R.Ving- Travel in a Recreational vehicle, often for
extended periods of time.
 Sex tourism- Travel undertaken primarily or
exclusively by men from developed countries,
usually to third world countries, for the purpose of
engaging in sexual activity, often of an extreme,
forbidden, or illegal nature.
 Soft adventure- An outdoor or Adventure travel
experience that is not overly demanding physically.
 Space tourism- An emerging and very expensive
travel specialty involving sending passengers on
suborbital flights that offer a brief experience of
weightlessness and thrilling views of the earth
below.
 Sport tourism- Travel undertaken for the purpose of
engaging in a particular sport, such as skiing or golf,
or to watch a favorite team play.
 Sustainable tourism- The development of a region’s
tourism industry in such a way as to not damage or
deplete the resources and attractions that make
the region attractive to tourists.
 Thana-tourism- From the ancient Greek word for
death, travel undertaken to visit places associated
with violent death. A subset of Dark tourism.
 Vagabonding- Independent travel for an
extended period of time, typically overseas
and on a limited budget. The term was
popularized by travel writer Rolf Potts in his
book of the same name.
 Volun-tourism- Travel undertaken solely or in
part to engage in humanitarian or other
volunteer activities. Hence, volun-tourist.
 Weather tourism- Recreational travel
undertaken to view or experience sever
weather phenomena such as tornados and
hurricanes.
A. MOTIVATION OF
TRAVEL
A. Motivation of Travel

1. Escape
2. Relaxation
3. Relief of Tension
4. Sun lust
5. Physical
A. Motivation of Travel

6.Health
7.Family togetherness
8.Interpersonal relations
9.Roots or ethnic
10.Maintain Social contacts
A. Motivation of Travel

 11.. Convince oneself of onesachievements

 12.Show one’s importance to others
 13.Status and prestige
 14.Self discovery
 15.Cultural
A. Motivation of Travel

16.Education
17.Professional/business
18.Wanderlust
19.Interest in forest areas
20.Interest in scenery
4 basic travelmotivators:
4 basic travel motivators:

1. Physical Motivators
include those related to physical rest,
sports participation, beach recreation,
relaxing entertainment, and other
motivations connected with health.
4 basic travel motivators:

2. CulturalMotivators
include the desire to know about other
Countries
4 basic travel motivators:

3. Interpersonal Motivators
Pertain to the desire to meet other
people, visit friends or relatives, escape from
routine, from familyand neighbors.
4 basic travel motivators:

4. Status and Prestige Motivators

Ego needs and personal development.
Included in this group are trips related to
business, and conventions, study, andpursuit
of hobbies education. Travel will enhance
one’s recognition and group reputation.
B.TRAVEL AS
MEANS TO SATISFY
A NEED AND WANT.
Key in understanding
Tourist Motivation is to
view vacation travel as
a vehicle to satisfyones
need and wants.
C. RELATIONSHIP
OF NEEDS, WANTS,
AND MOTIVES
C. Relationship of Needs, Wants, and
Motives
Determinants of Demand and
Supply in Tourism
 TOURISM DEMAND
The total number of persons who
travel, or wish to travel, to use
tourists facilities and services at
places away from their places of work
or residence
 APPROACHES TO STUDY
TOURISM DEMAND
 Economists- Demand measured in
monetary returns gained within a period
of time. Price, elasticity, quality, revenue
and expenditure.
 Psychologists- Demand related to
motivation, behavior, personality and
environment.
 Geographers- Demand based on
geographic boundaries, demographics.
 TYPES OF DEMAND
 Effective or Actual Demand- People
actually traveling at a point of time .
 Potential Demand- People who could
travel if motivated.
 Deferred/Postponed Demand- People
who wish to travel, but are not traveling
presently due to temporary reasons, of self
or supply end.
 Suppressed Demand – People not
interested in travel.
 TRAVEL PROPENSITY –
LIKELIHOOD TO TRAVEL
Net Travel Propensity- Percentage of population
of the overall population who makes at least one trip during a
given period of time.
= Number of population taking at least one trip X 100
total population

 Gross Travel Propensity- Total number of trips

undertaken as a percentage of thepopulation.
= Number of Total Trips X100
Total Population
 HIGH AND LOW TRAVEL
PROPENCITY
High Travel Propensity Low Travel Propensity
 High Education  Low Education
 More Awareness  Low Awareness
 More Income  Low Income
 Private Vehicle  No ownership of Vehicle
 Better Travel Facilitation  Poor Travel Facilitation
 Good Exchange Rate  Poor Exchange Rate
 Shorter Travel Distance  Long Travel Distance
 Low Travel Cost  High Travel Cost
 Young Age  Old Age
 FACTORS DETERMINING
TOURISM DEMAND
1.Individual
2.Economic
3.Geography
4.Destination
5.Political
 INDIVIDUAL FACTORS
 Education and Awareness
 Mobility
 Age, Gender, Religion
 Income and employment, disposable
income, household income, DINKS
 Paid holiday
 Family Influence
 Nature of Family-joint, nuclear
 VALS
 Stage of Family Life Cycle
 Gap Year Opportunities
 ECONOMIC FACTORS
 Cost of Travel
 Cost of Products
 Competitive Prices
 Exchange Rate
 GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS
 Seasonality
 Accessibility,location and distance
 Attractions Available
 Urban or Rural population or
Economy
 DESTINATION FACTORS
 Image – organic and induced
 Promotion: travel channels, awareness,
deals
 Technology and development
 CRS technology
 Development Level
 Credibility
 Safety and Security
 Attraction and Events
 Quality of Product
 Travel Formalities
 POLITICAL FACTORS
 Government regulation on supply
and tourists
 Visas, formalities, health checks,
currency, prohibitions
 Transport regulation, accessibility,
bilateral agreements
 CHARACTERISTICS OF TOURISM
DEMAND
 Planned demand
 Involves a lot of expenditure
 There is no tangible return or purchase
 Highly price elastic
 Can be price inelastic too
 Seasonality
 Is not subject to law of diminishing
returns
 Changing demand patterns
 TOURISM SUPPLY

The supply of all assets, services

and goods to be enjoyed or bought
by visitors and occasioned by the
journeys of visitors.
 COMPONENTS OF TOURISM
SUPPLY
 Infrastructure (telecommunications,
accommodation and transport)
 Superstructure (include facilities
constructed primarily to support visitation
and visitor activities. )
 Attractions (theme parks, museums,
buildings, ski-slopes)
 Marketing/Promotion and
Destination Image
 TOURISM SUPPLY

Tourism supply is a composite product

involving transport, accommodation,
catering, natural resources,
entertainment, and other facilities and
services, such as shops and banks,
travel agents and tour operators.
 FACTORS AFFECTING TOURISM
SUPPLY
1. Economic
2. Political
3. Geographical
4. Legal
5. Technological
6. Social
Components of Tourism Supply (supply chain)

Tourists Area of Transport Tourists Destination

Origin

Tourism Product

Product
Tourists Demand ACCOMMODATION Package Supplier

Associated Services

Tourism
Government NGOs Services Tour Guides
Operators
+ Drivers
 SUPPLY COMPONENTS
 Natural or environmental resources
(physiographic of the area, landforms, flora,
fauna, water bodies, air quality and similar
natural phenomena)
 Built or man-made resources
( infrastructure, superstructure)
 Transportation
 Hospitality and cultural resources
(friendliness, courtesy, sincere interest and
willingness to serve and to be better
acquainted with visitors )
 DEMAND-SUPPLY LINK

Demand Marketing and Promotion Supply Receiving

Generating Origin Destination
 THE TOURISM SYSTEM
“One of the leading models of tourism Attraction systems
was created by Leiper in 1990”

DEPARTING TRAVELLERS

TRAVELLER TRANSIT TOURIST

GENERATING ROUTE DESTINATION
REGION REGION REGION

RETURNING TRAVELLERS
 LEIPER 1979 (UPDATED 1990)

Leiper consider the

phenomenon tourism as a
system, which is functioning
under various environments.

Eg.Human,Socio,Cultural,Econ
omical,Technological,Physical
Political &Legal Environment
 What are “whole tourism
systems”?
 Real WTS are people, places, organisation that
interact in certain roles when tourism happens.
 Models of WTS are representations of real WTS,
frameworks for researching and studying tourism
in a comprehensive and systematic manner.
Five elements in every WTS
• At least one tourist.
• One tourist generating place (where trips
begin and end).
• At least one tourist destination place.
• At least one transit route.
• At least one tourism industry.
 LEIPER’S MODEL

TGR- Traveller-Generating Region. “push”

TRR- Transit Route Region.
TDR- Tourist Destination Region. “pull”
 PUSH & PULL FACTORS

Push Factor : factors

which encourage
individuals to move away
from their home setting
through Tourism

Pull Factor: those

attributes of a different
place which attract or
'pull' them towards it.
 GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

Leiper outlines three geographical elements in his model:

1) Traveller-generating region;
2) Tourist destination region; and
3) Transit route region.

 The tourist destination functions as a ‘pull’ factor in the market and provide
an area for most of the tourism activity. It attracts different kinds of tourists with
such tourism products as attractions and the quality of management and
service.
 Tourist Generating Region (TGRs)

TGRs are places where a tourist's trip begins and normally

ends, the generating regions are the place for the essential
markets of the tourist business and it is the basis of tourist
industry.
 TRANSIT ROUTE REGION (TRR’s)
 The area between the Traveler Generating Region and
the Tourist Destination Region is known as the Transit
Route
 While a long haul journey a Temporary stoppage is called a
transit route.
 Here traveller stays for some time in manner to change
flight or for re fuelling.

•It includes the short period of travel to reach the

destination.
•Includes the stop over's.
•The intermediate places which the tourist may visit
en-route.
 Tourist Destination Region (TDR’s)

TDRs are places where a tourist's main visiting activities

occurs. Its important for TDR to have some special
features, activities to attract tourist.
 Tourist
Tourist is considered as the most
important element of the System.
Without the presence of tourist the
System may not function at all

A temporary visitor staying at least 24hrs

and less than 1 consecutive year.

 The following are to be considered

tourists:

• Persons traveling for pleasure, for health.

• Persons traveling in a representative capacity
of any kind.
• Persons traveling for business reasons.
 TOURISM DESTINATION
PLANNING
 The availability of natural resources and
attractions
 The availability of investment funds
 A skilled human resource base
 Government policy that supports tourism
 Destination accessibility
 The presence of complementary services
and facilities and infrastructure
Thank you
 BRANDING INDIA
1) Talent:

There is also talk of vocational training.

"Correspondence courses will be started in new
domains for self-employment, family run businesses,
entrepreneurship and innovation. The goal would be
to prepare the youth for jobs being created by the
emerging sectors, foster a spirit of innovation and
entrepreneurship, leading to more incomes and job
creation,"
Skill development is another area of focus. Launch of
a National Multi-skill Mission, Skill Mapping, industry
responsive manpower are some of the measures that
have been cited.
2) Technology: One prominent feature of the GOI is
focus on technology. Technology has been
propagated as an enabler in various sectors such as
e-governance, agriculture.

There is a special mention of e-governance and IT as

an enabler of empowerment. "GOI will focus on
increasing the penetration and usage of broadband
across the country, leverage technology for e-
Governance, generate IT based jobs in rural and
semi-urban areas, use mobile and e-Banking to all.
3) Tourism: According to GOI, tourism and
hospitality can play a major role as a foreign
exchange earner and has ability to create millions of
jobs every year. "Tourism plays a key role in socio-
economic progress through creation of jobs,
enterprise, infrastructure development and foreign
exchange earnings,".

The GOI has said that it will initiate a mission mode

project to create 50 tourist circuits that are
affordable and built around themes .
4) Trade: "The modern era is an era of exchange. Over-
regulation needs to be addressed to stop the
harassment of the businessmen and traders," the GOI
says. It plans to emphasise on Zero defect products,
building ports (connecting them with roads and rail to
the hinterland), air Cargo facilities, Export Promotion
Mission.

"Take all necessary steps to protect the interest of

retailers, small traders and small vendors and equip
them with the latest techniques and methods .
5) Tradition: As a part of its 'vision' for the
country, GOI has given a special mention to
preservation of river Ganges. Clean Rivers
Programme has been mentioned as a solution
to clean the river water.

GOI also wants to provide appropriate

resources for the maintenance and restoration
of all national heritage sites. GOI has also said
that it would promote Indian languages, and
put measures for the development of all Indian
languages.
 GOI,TOURISM
SCHEMES
OVERSEAS MARKETING
Marketing Development Assistance Scheme for
promotion of Tourism Abroad
REVISED Marketing Development Assistance Scheme for
Promotion of Tourism Abroad
Revised Guidelines for Marketing Development
Assistance (MDA)
Guidelines for assistance by the Ministry of Tourism to
the Tourism, Travel and Hospitality Trade Associations
for their various events in India and abroad
PUBLICITY AND EVENTS
Central Financial Assistance (CFA) to Information
Technology (IT)
Guidelines for assistance by the Ministry of Tourism to the
Tourism, Travel and Hospitality Trade Associations for their
various events in India and abroad.
Marketing Development Assistance Scheme for Promotion
of Active Members of ICPB
Marketing Development Assistance Scheme for promotion
of Medical/Wellness Tourism
Scheme for Organizing Fair & Festival and Tourism related
events (DPPH)
HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT
Scheme of Capacity Building for Service
Providers (Institutes)
Central Financial Assistance to Institutes
Grant released during 2017-18.
TOURISM INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

Viability Gap Scheme for Revenue Generating Tourism Projects

Scheme of Rural Tourism
Revised Guidelines for Assistance to Central Agencies for Tourism Infrastructure
Development
Central Financial Assistance to Information Technology (IT)
Scheme for support to Public Private Partnership in Infrastructure Development
(Viability Gap undoing)
Scheme for Organizing Fair & Festival and Tourism related events (DPPH)
Scheme of Rural Tourism
Guidelines for setting up Live streaming video
Scheme for Assistance for Large Revenue Generating Projects
Scheme Guidelines for Prasad
Scheme Guidelines for Swadesh Darshan
Scheme for support to Public Private Partnership in Infrastructure Development
(Viability Gap undoing)
 VOA
Advisory :
Services of e-Visa involves completely online application for which no facilitation is
required by any intermediary / agents etc. It is advised not to believe or fall in trap
of any such unscrupulous elements who claim speedy/express grant of e-Visa
and charge money for it.
Do not share your personal information with any unauthorized website as it may lead to
your personal data piracy. Only visit Government of India website with address
indianvisaonline.gov.in for any kind of service or clarification. For any clarification or
doubt, you may write to us on our email i.e. indiatvoa@gov.in.
e-Visa Facility is available for nationals of following countries/territories
Albania, Andorra, Angola, Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Australia,
Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Bolivia, Bosnia & Herzegovina,
Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameron Union Republic, Canada,
Cape Verde, Cayman Island, Chile, China, China- SAR Hongkong, China- SAR Macau,
Colombia, Comoros, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'lvoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, East Timor, Ecuador, El
Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana,
Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia,
Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati,Kyrgyzstan , Laos,
Latvia, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia,
Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia,
Montenegro, Montserrat, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Netherlands, New
Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger Republic, Niue Island, Norway, Oman, Palau, Palestine, Panama,
Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal , Qatar, Republic of Korea,
Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia,
Saint Vincent & the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra
Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka,
Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tonga,
Trinidad & Tobago, Turks & Caicos Island, Tuvalu, UAE, Uganda,Ukraine, United Kingdom,
Uruguay, USA, Uzbekistan,Vanuatu,Vatican City-Holy See,Venezuela,Vietnam, Zambia and
Zimbabwe
Eligibility
•International Travellers whose sole objective of visiting India is
recreation , sight seeing , casual visit to meet friends or relatives,
short duration medical treatment or casual business visit.
•Passport should have at least six months validity from the date of
arrival in India. The passport should have at least two blank pages for
stamping by the Immigration Officer.
•International Travellers should have return ticket or onward
journey ticket,with sufficient money to spend during his/her stay in
India.
•International Travellers having Pakistani Passport or Pakistani
origin may please apply for regular Visa at Indian Mission.
•Not available to Diplomatic/Official Passport Holders or Laissez-
passer travel document holders.
•Not available to individuals endorsed on Parent's/Spouse's Passport i.e.
each individual should have a separate passport.
•Not available to International Travel Document Holders.
 SWADESH DARSHAN
India’s rich cultural, historical, religious and natural heritage provides a
huge potential for development of tourism and job creation in the
country. There is a great scope and need to develop tourist circuits on
specific themes to attract the tourists having special interest in visiting
such places. This can be achieved only through an integrated approach
by providing engaging experiences for distinct categories of tourists i.e.
Domestic and International. Various themes which are unique and
specific to the area can include beaches, culture, heritage, wildlife etc.
Such theme based tourist circuits should be developed in a manner that
supports communities, provides employment and fosters social
integration without comprising upon the environmental concerns and
provides unique experiences to the tourists.
In due recognition to this the Government of India, Ministry of Tourism
(MoT) launched the Swadesh Darshan Scheme (Central Sector Scheme)–
for integrated development of theme based tourist circuits in the
country in 2014-15.
 HRIDAY
Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana
VaranasiVaranasi city is situated in the north India and is also the administrative
headquarters of the district of Varanasi in state of Uttar Pradesh. The city is situated on...
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India, launched the National
Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) scheme on 21st January,
2015, with a focus on holistic development of heritage cities. The scheme aims to
preserve and revitalise soul of the heritage city to reflect the city’s unique character by
encouraging aesthetically appealing, accessible, informative & secured environment.

With a duration of 4 years (Completing in November, 2018) and a total outlay of INR 500
Crores, the Scheme is being implemented in 12 identified Cities namely, Ajmer,
Amaravati, Amritsar, Badami, Dwarka, Gaya, Kanchipuram, Mathura, Puri, Varanasi,
Velankanni and Warangal. The scheme is implemented in a mission mode.

The Scheme supports development of core heritage infrastructure projects which shall
include revitalization of urban infrastructure for areas around heritage assets identified /
approved by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India and State Governments. These
initiatives shall include development of water supply, sanitation, drainage, waste
management, approach roads, footpaths, street lights, tourist conveniences, electricity
wiring, landscaping and such citizen services.
 Guidelines
India’s rich cultural, historical, religious and natural heritage provides a
huge potential for development of tourism and job creation in the country.
There is a great scope and need to develop tourist circuits on specific
themes to attract the tourists having special interest in visiting such places.
This can be achieved only through an integrated approach by providing
engaging experiences for distinct categories of tourists i.e. Domestic and
International. Various themes which are unique and specific to the area can
include beaches, culture, heritage, wildlife etc. Such theme based tourist
circuits should be developed in a manner that supports communities,
provides employment and fosters social integration without comprising
upon the environmental concerns and provides unique experiences to the
tourists. . In due recognition to this the Government of India, Ministry of
Tourism (MoT) launched the Swadesh Darshan Scheme (Central Sector
Scheme)– for integrated development of theme based tourist circuits in the
country in 2014-15. This scheme is envisioned to synergise with other
Government of India schemes like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Skill India, Make
in India etc. with the idea of positioning the tourism sector as a major
engine for job creation, driving force for economic growth, building synergy
with various sectors to enable tourism to realise its potential.
 State Wise
Andaman and Nicobar Islands Meghalaya
Andhra Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh Mizoram
Assam Nagaland
Bihar Orissa
Chhattisgarh
Goa Pondicherry
Gujarat Punjab
Haryana Rajasthan
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu and Kashmir Sikkim
Jharkhand Tamil Nadu
Karnataka Telangana
Kerala
Madhya Pradesh Tripura
Maharashtra Uttar Pradesh
Manipur Uttarakhand
West Bengal
 Theme Based Circuits

North East
Buddhist
Ramayana
Coastal
Rural
Desert
Spiritual
Eco
Sufi
Heritage
Tirthankar
Himalayan
Tribal
Krishna
Wildlife
Marketing campaign
In 2002, India's Ministry of Tourism launched a campaign to promote India as a popular
tourist destination.[3] The phrase "Incredible India" was adopted as a slogan by the
ministry. Before 2002, the Indian government had regularly formulated policies and
prepared pamphlets and brochures for the promotion of tourism, however, it had not
supported tourism in a concerted fashion. In 2002, the tourism ministry made a
conscious effort to bring in more professionalism in its attempts to promote tourism. It
formulated an integrated communication strategy with the aim of promoting India as a
destination of choice for the discerning traveller. The tourism ministry engaged the
services of advertising and marketing firm Ogilvy & Mather (O&M) India to create a
new campaign to increase tourist inflows into the country.[4]

The campaign portrayed India as an attractive tourist destination by showcasing

different aspects of Indian culture and history like yoga, spirituality, etc. The campaign
was conducted globally and received appreciation from tourism industry observers and
travellers alike. However, the campaign also attracted criticism from some quarters.
Some observers felt that it had failed to cover several aspects of India which would
have been attractive to the average tourist.[5]
In 2008, the Ministry of Tourism launched a campaign targeted at the local population
to educate them regarding good behaviour and etiquette when dealing with foreign
tourists. Indian actor Aamir Khan was commissioned to endorse the campaign which
was titled "Atithidevo Bhava", Sanskrit for "Guests are like God". Atithidevo Bhava
was aimed at creating awareness about the effects of tourism and sensitising the local
population about preservation of India's heritage, culture, cleanliness and hospitality.
It also attempted to instil a sense of responsibility towards tourists and reinforce the
confidence of foreign tourists towards India as a preferred holiday destination. The
concept was designed to complement the Incredible India campaign.[6]

In 2009, Minister of tourism, Kumari Selja unveiled plans to extend the Incredible India
campaign to the domestic tourism sector as well. US$12 million out of a total budget
of US$200 million was allocated in 2009 for the purpose of promoting domestic
tourism.

In 2015, Aamir Khan, whose comments on perceived intolerance in the country had
created a controversy, ceased to be the mascot for the Incredible India campaign when
the contract for it expired.[7] The new brand ambassador of Incredible India was
Narendra Modi himself.[8]

In 2017, veteran actor Amitabh Bachchan & actress Priyanka Chopra were chosen as
the new brand ambassadors for the Incredible India campaign.
TOURIST
MOTIVATIONS
Tourist motivations
A. The need to escape or change
B. Travel for Health
C. Sports
D. Social Contact
E. Status and Prestige
F. Travel for Education
G. Personal Values
H. Cultural Experience
I. Shopping and Bargain Hunting
J. Professional and Business motives
K. Search for natural beauty
A. The need to escape or change

• The greatest reason for

travel can be summed up in
one word ---- escape
B. Travel for Health

• Development in the field of

medicine have influenced
travel for centuries, giving
rise to the concept of health
tourism.
C.
Sports

• Interest in sports either as

participant or spectator is
attracting large segments
of the population
D. Social
Contact

• Much travel grows out of

the social nature of people.
• Human beings are social
animals;
• They need contact and
communication with others.
E. Status and
Prestige

• Travel provides the means of ego

or self-enhancement.
• Travel to a poor country can
provide the traveler with a
feeling of superiority.
• Travel can also provide a means
of mingling with wealthy and
social elite.
G. Personal
Values

• The notion of personal values

is an important travel
motivator.
• Many people are urged to
travel to satisfy personal
values and as the search for;
spiritual experience,
patriotism and
wholesomeness.
H. Cultural
Experience

• Cross-cultural exchanges,
experiencing how other people
live and fostering international
understanding are some of the
reasons to satisfy curiosity about
other culture, lifestyles and
places.
F. Travel for
Education

• The search for knowledge

and truth is inherent in
every individual.
• Travel offers an
opportunity to satisfy urge
to learn.
I. Shopping and Bargain
Hunting

• To many people the joys developed

from buying certain goods may be
the major reason for travel.
J. Professional and Business
motives

• Great number of people travel

for professional and business
motives.
k. Search for natural
beauty
• Travel to satisfy ones search for
beauty.
LEARNING PROCESS
OFA TOURIST
Learning Process of aTourist
• Individual will buy a vacation package if he has learned that the
purchase will satisfy an important need.

• Tourist compares various alternatives with list of criteria to

determine which alternative will most likely satisfy a particular
motive.

• The resulting inclination will have an effect on the decision to buy.

• The inclination may be positive or negative, depending howwell a

chosen alternative meet the motivator.

• The number of alternatives may vary according to the

characteristics of the traveler.
EFFECTOF
CONSISTENCYAND
COMPLEXITY ON
LEISURETRAVEL
 Effect of Consistency and
complexity
• Too much repetitionon leisure results
or consistency travel
in boredom and a
corresponding amount of psychological tension grater than they
can handle.
-To reduce this tension he will attempt to introduce some complexity in his
life.

• Similarly, too much complexity may result more tension than a

person can endure.
-To reduce the complexity he will introduce a consistency in that
experience.
CLASSIFICATION OF
TRAVELERS BASED ON
PERSONALITY
 Classification of travelers based on
•personality
Phychocentrics – people centered on self, are inhibited and
unadventuresome. When traveling, they prefer to visit“safe”
destinations. They do not want to experiment on the
accommodation, food and entertainment.

• Allocentrics – people having interest on other person, are highly

curious and thrive on stimulation and change. They have a strong
need for variety and new experience.

• Midcentrics – people who resides in the middle. They prefer going

to a safe place but still wont hesitate to experience new things.
CLASSIFICATION OF
TRAVELERS BASED ON
THE PURPOSE OF
TRAVEL
 Classification of travelers based
on the purpose of travel
Business Travelers:

oRegular Business Travelers

oBusiness Travelers attending meetings, conventions,
and congresses.
oIncentive Travelers
 Classification of travelers based
on the purpose of travel
Pleasure/Personal Travelers:

oResort Travelers
oFamily pleasure travelers
oThe elderly; and
oSingles and couples
TRAVELCONSTRAINTS
Travel Constraints

•Lack of money
•Lack of time
•Lack of safety andsecurity
•Physical disability
•Family commitments
•Lack of interest in travel; and
•Fears of travel
Thank you for listening!