m
 


m


 Assumption: that some heritage is meaningful to all

of mankind
 Regardless of cultural, social, political and
economical differences
 m 
 eneral Introduction
 What is conservation
 What to conserve
 Who is involved
 Yase Study 1: Hirano²Yho
 |emocratization and heritage conservation
 Japan and the ecomuseum
 Yase Study 2: Angkor
 Actors, interests and values
 Universality
 Summarizing and discussion
 Risks and opportunities

m

 warrow
Indicates physical intervention or treatment specifically. This
definition of conservation refers to the more technically oriented
functions of the broader field.
 Broad
Refers more widely to conservation as a complex, diverse, and
even divergent social practice³includes issues of cultural
significance and social values.


m 
 |etermined by values:

 Aesthetic, historic, economic, political, social, spiritual,

cultural, age and more .

Traditional ² authenticity, intrinsic value

(academics/professionals)

|emocratization process

Yontemporary ² social process (more stakeholders inc.

community movements and others)
jHeritage is never merely conserved or protected; it
is modified³both enhanced and degraded³by each
new generationµ
(Lowenthal, 2000)
 m
m
 
m 

Planning
Interests Protection Intervention
Management

 Academic
research  Yonservation
 Museum
 Public planning  Treatment
acquisition
sentiment  Yollections  Preventive
 Landmark
 Political management measures
designation
trends  Stewardship  maintenance
 Listing
 Yommunity by owners
movements
 m 
 eneral Introduction
 What is conservation
 What to conserve
 Who is involved
 Yase Study 1: Hirano²Yho
 |emocratization and heritage conservation
 Japan and the ecomuseum
 Yase Study 2: Angkor
 Actors, interests and values
 Universality
 Summarizing and discussion
 Risks and opportunities
 m
 

m



|emocratization
The action of rendering or process of
becoming democratic

Emancipation
the action or process of setting free
from restraints imposed by
superior physical force or legal
obligation...to set free from
control

m
(OE| online) 
 In Europe, this process began with the de-
centralization of monarchic institutions. Palace art
and museology collections became national property,
owned and (in principle) accessible by the general
public.

 French revolution, democratic process by which the

royal palace and collections were nationalized as a...

..."sign of popular sovereignty

(Alderson, 1996)

m
 

m



 Round Table of Santiago, Yhile 1972 (UwESYO, IYOM).

 Yommunity museology, integrated museum ...linked to

social purpose, regeneration and development.

 Museum as elite institution ² Museum owned by its

community (democratization of heritage).

 Ecomuseum...

a community driven heritage project that aids sustainable

development
(|avis, 2004)



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 rowing recognition of the decline in traditional
Japanese landscapes, built heritage and ways of life.

 The ecomuseum has been adopted as a mechanism

to conserve these in some parts of the country.

 Japanese ecomuseological society formed in 1995

(JEYOMS).
 m    Autonomous town dating to
the 14th century.
 Home to many historical
sites, temples, shrines,
secluded gardens.
 Original street plan
remains and outline of
defensive moat still visible
in parts.
 Ecomuseum founded in
1993 by local residents.
 High emphasis on the
conservation of a way of
)& (*)*!"*)-
life.
 

ancient camphor trees
priest-poet
Sweet shop
Bicycle museum
¶Smallest museum in the
worldr (cd playing sounds of a
bygone Hirano)
?ernacular local houses
|ainennbutsuji Temple (in The Senkouji Temple
which a ghost is said to
appear once a year)
|ainennbutsuji Temple
  

 40 people involved in attractions (2003), no coordinating

body.

 Yo-ordinated by Ryonin Kawaguchi, the priest of the

Senkouji Buddhist Temple.

 Local people open up homes one Sunday a month as

part of the ecomuseum.
In a way all local residents are curators. A town is revitalized
when the people there are revitalized.
(Ryonin Kawaguchi)
  
 

 Aesthetic value, historical value - Preservation of

landmarks.

 Religious, spiritual, historical, social values - Yonservation

of a way of life (traditional knowledge, skills and
intangibles)

 Economic values ² wot recognised as a factor.

 m 
 eneral Introduction
 What is conservation
 What to conserve
 Who is involved
 Yase Study 1: Hirano²Yho
 |emocratization and heritage conservation
 Japan and the ecomuseum
 Yase Study 2: Angkor
 Actors, interests and values
 Universality
 Summarizing and discussion
 Risks and opportunities
  < =m
 Stretching over 400 km2

 Yovering natural parks,

forested areas and more
then 100 temples

 Build during Khmer empire.

9th ² 13th Yentury

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 < =m
Wide range of conflicting interests
o Yonserving the temples
m 


 < =m
Wide range of conflicting interests
o Yonserving the temples
o Yonserving the environment, which in inseparably tied
to the monuments
 m

 < =m
Wide range of conflicting interests
o Yonserving the temples
o Yonserving the nature, which in inseparably tied to the
monuments
o 100.000 Inhabitants
 


 < =m
Wide range of conflicting interests
o Yonserving the temples
o Yonserving the nature, which in inseparably tied to the
monuments
o 100.000 Inhabitants
o Living religious space
 m 
 < =m
Wide range of conflicting interests
o Yonserving the temples
o Yonserving the nature, which in inseparably tied to the
monuments
o 100.000 Inhabitants
o Living religious space
o Famous tourist destination
‰ 
m




 < =m
Wide range of conflicting interests
o Yonserving the temples
o Yonserving the nature, which in inseparably tied to the
monuments
o 100.000 Inhabitants
o Living religious space
o Famous tourist destination
  
 
 Aesthetic, historical value ² Yonserving the temples

 Social values ² Identity

 Spiritual values ² Yonservation of the religious space

 Economic values ² tourist destination generating jobs

and income
 m 
 eneral Introduction
 What is conservation
 What to conserve
 Who is involved
 Yase Study 1: Hirano²Yho
 |emocratization and heritage conservation
 Japan and the ecomuseum
 Yase Study 2: Angkor
 Actors, interests and values
 Universality
 Summarizing and discussion
 Risks and opportunities
 m

 ˜



 




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 ˜

 
M

 Traditional notion: authenticity and intrinsic value

 Professionals ² Yurators ² Archeologist - Art
Historians
 Yontemporary view: social process/construction
 Yase I. Ecomuseum Yase II . Angkor
Heritage
creation A community movement Save Angkor- Yampaign Launched
by inhabitants by UwESYO
Interest
Local people World Heritage Site listing
UwESYO, national bodies
Protection

Planning Yoordinator IYY-Angkor

Management Local people Property owners

Intervention
Possibly by Japan IYY Angkor conservation projects
Ecomuseology Society

)".!1)")!.$-
0$/ &.$"#-2$ 2)*
m= 



 Hirano-Yho
weeds of local community vs cultural heritage value
Yoordinating body a solution or a potential risk?
Tourism and economic growth

 Angkor
 






 










m
Journal of Historical eography, 26, 1 (2000) 3²27
doi:10.1006/jhge.1999.0188,
|avis, P. (2004) Ecomuseums and the democratisation of Japanese
museology In M
 
  
 
 

pp. 93-110.
|avis, P.Ecomuseums and sense of place. Presentation.
www.theuplandcentre.org.uk/
IYY-Angkor Report
http://www.angkorwhat.net/news/angkor-wat-temples.html
The etty Yonservation Institute L.A. (2000) ?
 
 
 
 , Research report.
MIwOM-IYOM International movement for a new museology. www.minom-
icom.net