Chapter 3

Chapter 3:
Requirements
Determination
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom, & Tegarden Systems Analysis and Design with UML, 5th Edition
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Ch. 3 Learning Objectives
• Learn how to create a requirements definition
• Learn various requirements analysis techniques
• Learn when to use each requirements analysis
techniques
• Learn how to gather requirements using interviews,
JAD sessions, questionnaires, document analysis &
observation
• Understand when to use each requirements-gathering
technique
• Be able to begin the creation of a system proposal
The Analysis Phase
• The analysis phase is so named because the term
analysis refers to breaking a whole into its parts with
the intent of understanding the parts’ nature,
function, and interrelationships.
• In the analysis phase, the systems analyst works
extensively with the business users of the new
system to understand their needs from the new
system. The basic process of analysis involves three
steps:
• Understand the existing situation (the as-is system).
• Identify improvements.
• Define requirements for the new system (the to-be system).
• As an example, let’s say that a user states that the
new system should “eliminate inventory stock-outs.”
• While this might be a worthy project goal, the
analyst needs to think about it critically in order to
formulate the statement in terms of useful
requirements.
• The analyst could first have the users think about
circumstances leading to stock-outs (e.g., supplier
orders are not placed in a timely way), and then
describe the issues that lead to these circumstances
(e.g., on-hand inventory levels are updated only once
a week; delays occur in identifying the best supply
source for the items; delays occur in receiving
approval of the supply order, etc.).
• By focusing on these issues, the team is in a better position to
develop new business processes that address these concerns.
The new requirements will then be based on the issues that
truly need to be fixed. In this case, the requirements might
include, in part:
• The system shall update on-hand inventory levels twice
per day.
• The system shall produce an out-of-stock notification
immediately when an item quantity on hand reaches
the item reorder point.
• The system shall include a recommended supplier with
every out-of-stock notification.
• The system shall produce a supply purchase order that is
sent to the appropriate manager for approval.
• The system shall send an approved supply purchase
order to the supplier via secure electronic
communication.
• A number of techniques and tools can be used by
the analyst to facilitate this process of discovering
requirements.
• interviews,
• JAD sessions,
• questionnaires,
• document analysis, and
• observation.
• The final deliverable of the analysis phase is the
system proposal, which compiles the detailed
requirements definition statement, use cases,
process models, and data model together with a
revised feasibility analysis and work plan.
• At the conclusion of the analysis phase, the system
proposal is presented to the approval committee,
usually in the form of a system walk-through.
Requirements Determination
• Purpose: to convert high level business requirements
(from the system request) into detailed requirements
that can be used as inputs for creating models
• What is a requirement?
• A statement of what the system must do or a characteristic
it must have
• Will later evolve into a technical description of how the
system will be implemented
• Types:
• Functional: relates to a process or data
• Non-functional: relates to performance or usability
Requirements Definition
• Functional & non-functional requirements listed in
outline format
• May be prioritized
• Provides information needed in subsequent
workflows
• Defines the scope of the system
Sample of Requirements Definition (look in BOOK)
Creating a
Requirements Definition
• Determine the types of functional and non-functional
requirements applicable to the project
• Use requirements-gathering techniques to collect details
• Analysts work with users to verify, change and prioritize each
requirement
• Continue this process through analysis workflow, but be
careful of scope creep
• Requirements that meet a need but are not within the
current scope can be added to a list of future enhancements
Requirements Elicitation Techniques
• Process is used to:
• Uncover all requirements (those uncovered late in the
process are more difficult to incorporate)
• Build support and trust among users
• Which technique(s) to use?
• Interviews
• Joint Application Development (JAD)
• Questionnaires
• Document analysis
• Observation
Interviews
• Most popular technique—if you need to know
something, just ask
• Process:
• Select people to interview & create a schedule
• Design interview questions (Open-ended, closed-ended,
& probing types of questions)
• Prepare for the interview (Unstructured vs. structured
interview organized in a logical order)
• Conduct the interview (Top-down vs. bottom-up)
• Follow-up after the interview
Question Types
Question Types Exercise:
Ask your neighbor one closed-ended, one open-
ended question, and one probing question about how
they get to class.
Post-Interview
• Prepare notes and send to the interviewee for verification
Joint Application Development (JAD)
• Joint user-analyst meeting hosted by a facilitator
• 10 to 20 users
• 1 to 2 scribes as needed to record the session
• Usually in a specially prepared room
• Meetings can be held electronically and
anonymously
• Reduces problems in group settings
• Can be held remotely
• Sessions require careful planning to be successful
• Users may need to bring documents or user manuals
• Ground rules should be established
Questionnaires
• A set of written questions used to obtain
information from individuals
• May be paper based or electronic (e.g., web based)
• Common uses:
• Large numbers of people
• Need both information and opinions
• When designing for use outside the organization
(customers, vendors, etc.)
• Typical response rates: < 50% (paper); < 30% (Web)
Questionnaire Steps
• Select the participants

• Identify the population
• Use representative samples for large populations
• Designing the questionnaire
• Careful question selection
• Remove ambiguities
• Administering the questionnaire
• Working to get good response rate
• Offer an incentive (e.g., a free pen)
• Questionnaire follow-up
• Send results to participants
• Send a thank-you
Document Analysis
• Project teams often use document analysis to understand

the as-is system.
• Under ideal circumstances, the project team that developed
the existing system will have produced documentation,
which was then updated by all subsequent projects.
• In this case, the project team can start by reviewing the
documentation and examining the system itself.
Observation
• Observation, the act of watching processes being
performed, is a powerful tool to gain insight into the
as-is system.
• Observation enables the analyst to see the reality of
a situation, rather than listening to others describe it
in interviews or JAD sessions.
• In many ways, the analyst becomes an
anthropologist as he or she walks through the
organization and observes the business system as it
functions.
Selecting the Appropriate Techniques
• Type of Information
• Depth of Information
• Breadth of Information
• Integration of Information
• User Involvement
• Cost

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• Select the participants

• Project teams often use document analysis to understand

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