•A polymer is a chemical compound whose molecules are bonded

together in long repeating chains. Because of their structure,

polymers have unique properties that can be tailored for different
uses.
•According to Todd Johnson, the term polymer is commonly used
today in the plastics and composites industry, and it is often used
as a synonym for "plastic" or "resin." Polymers include A range
of materials with A variety of unique properties

INTRODUCTION
 •Polymers are used in almost every area of modern living. Grocery
bags, soda and water bottles, textile fibers, phones, computers,
food packaging, auto parts, and toys all contain polymers.
•There are two types of polymers: synthetic and natural.
•Synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum oil, and made by
scientists and engineers
•Natural polymers occur in nature and can be extracted. They are
often water-based.

INTRODUCTION
 •Hermann Staudinger, a professor of organic chemistry at the
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (university of applied
sciences) in Zurich, is the father of modern polymer development.
His research in the 1920s led the way to modern manipulations of
both natural and synthetic polymers.

INTRODUCTION
 •According to hasan namazi, polymers are widely used advanced
materials, which are found almost in every material used in our
daily life. To date, the importance of polymers has been much
more highlighted because of their applications in different
dominions of sciences, technologies and industry – from basic
uses to biopolymers and therapeutic polymers. The main aim of
this editorial is to accentuate the pragmatic impacts of polymers in
human daily life.

INTRODUCTION
• But what are the sources of to make polymers? Is starch
being possible to make a polymer? What can be the material
can be using to make polymer from starch?

PROBLEM
 •Polymer - A substance made from long chains of repeating groups
of atoms
•Natural polymer -natural polymers occur in nature and can be
extracted
•Synthetic polymer - synthetic polymers are derived from
petroleum oil, and made by scientists and engineers
•Monomer - A molecule that is used as the basic building block of
some larger molecule, known as polymers

DEFINITION OF TERMS
 •Plastic - any of a series of materials that are easily deformable;
or synthetic materials that have been made from polymers (long
strings of some building-block molecule) that tend to be
lightweight, inexpensive and resistant to degradation
•Starch - A soft white chemical made by all green plants. It’s a
relatively long molecule made from linking together a lot of
smaller, identical building blocks — all of them glucose, a simple
sugar.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
 •Chemical - a substance formed from two or more atoms that
unite (bond) in a fixed proportion and structure.
•Polymer synthesis – also called polymerization, is the process by
which monomers (small molecules) are covalently bonded to form
a (usually long) polymer chain or network.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
 •Natural polymers are derived from renewable resources such as
plants, animals, and microorganisms, and are, therefore, widely
distributed in nature.
•These materials exhibit a large diversity of unique (and in most
cases) rather complex structures, and different physiological
functions, and may offer a variety of potential applications in the
field of tissue engineering due to their various properties, such as
pseudoplastic behavior, gelation ability, water-binding capacity,
and biodegradability, among many others.

RELEVANCE TO ENGINEERING
 •On the other hand, the creation of hybrid materials—by means
of combining the advantages of different natural polymers—may
constitute a useful approach to mimicking the natural environment
of the ECM and to obtaining scaffolding materials with superior
mechanical and biological properties

RELEVANCE TO ENGINEERING
 •Engineering polymers are materials with exceptional mechanical
properties such as stiffness, toughness, and low creep that make
them valuable in the manufacture of structural products like gears,
bearings, electronic devices, and auto parts

RELEVANCE TO ENGINEERING
 •Polymers provide a low density structural alternative for some
applications are relatively easy to process into numerous forms
provide a high volume, often improved replacement for materials
derived from living organisms. Possess unique properties they are
often relatively inexpensive.

RELEVANCE TO ENGINEERING
•Starch is the predominant carbohydrate reserve in many plants;
starch is semi-crystalline in nature with varying levels of
crystallinity. The packaging of amylose and amylopectin within the
granules has been reported to vary among the starches from
different species. The activity of the enzymes involved in starch
biosynthesis may be responsible for the variation in amylose
content among the various starches (krossmann and lloyd, 2000).

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
•Starch is the chief storage form of carbohydrate in plants and
the most important source of carbohydrate in human nutrition.
A starch molecule is a polysaccharide assembled from the
simple sugar in addition to its importance in human nutrition,
starch has many industrial applications: it is used in the
manufacture of paper, textiles, pharmaceuticals, and
biodegradable polymers, and it is an additive in foods.
(Matthew A. Fisher)

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
•SOURCES FOR STARCH
• According to martin chaplin, starch is the most abundant
biomolecule on earth after cellulose and the major carbohydrate
reserve in plant tubers and seed endosperm. It is found as granules
each typically containing several million amylopectin molecules
accompanied by a much larger number of smaller amylose
molecules. By far the largest source of starch is corn (maize) with
other commonly used sources being wheat, potato, tapioca, and rice.
Amylopectin can be isolated from 'waxy' maize starch whereas
amylose is best isolated after specifically hydrolyzing the
amylopectin with pullulanase.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Potato Starch
•According to the study conducted by chemical engineers in
pakistan, potatoes yield 17-21% fresh weight of starch and 0.5%-
1.2% of pure protein. Potato starch is basically a carbohydrate
consisting of components namely amylose and amylopectin. Both
these components are polymer but differ from each other in their
physio-chemical characteristics as amylopectin thickens and
amylose gels. A starch potato usually contains 80% amylopectin
and 20% amylose. Most of the industrial application require
amylopectin and today the potatoes are being genetically modified
to enhance the percentage of amylopectin up to 98%.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 •Potato, solanum tuberosum, is an herbaceous perennial plant in
the family solanaceae which is grown for its edible tubers. The
potato plant has a branched stem and alternately arranged leaves
consisting of leaflets which are both of unequal size and shape.
• The leaflets can be oval to oblong in shape and the leaves can
reach 10–30 cm (4–12 in) in length and 5–15 cm (2–6 in) wide.
The potato plant produces white or blue flowers and yellow-green
berries.

DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS
 •The potato tubers grow underground and generally located in the
top 25 cm (10 in) of the soil. The tubers can range in color from
yellow to red or purple depending on the variety. Potato plants can
reach in excess of 1 m (3.3 ft) in height and are grown as annual
plants, surviving only one growing season.

DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS
EXTRACTION PROCESS OF POTATO
 The ingredients and Materials
Chopped the Potato Blend the Chopped Potato

Cool and separate the extracted starch

Add water to the blended potato then filter it. Collected Starch

THE EXPERIMENT
 Add 7 teaspoon of water to 1
tbsp. of Potato Starch Add 1 teaspoon of Vinegar
Add 2 teaspoon of Glycerin Add 1 teaspoon of food coloring

Cook the Mixture Cook the mixture until it reach

sticky property

THE EXPERIMENT
 • SCALE
High Fair Low/Less Not Not at Change Does Not
Noticeable All In Change
Property
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

PROPERTIES OF SYNTHESIZED POLYMER

 Malleability 3

Color 7

Viscosity 1

Density 3

Solubility 1

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
 Flammability
5

Corrosive
5

Explosive
5

Taste
6

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
 • The proposed uses are hereby stated:
•1.They can be molded and use to form plastics.
•2. They can be use to form plastic bag by adding more potato
starch.

PROPOSED USES