Type of Volcanic

Eruption
Eruption Styles
 Eruption Styles
The eruption type can vary minute to minute.
The style of eruption depends on a number of
factors, including the magma chemistry and
content, temperature, viscosity (how runny
the magma is), volume and how much water
and gas is in it, the presence of groundwater,
and the plumbing of the volcano.
Eruption Styles
Explosive = Gas-particle dispersion flows out of the
vent. Magma is torn apart as it rises and reaches the
surface in pieces known as pyroclasts

Increasing SiO2, Increasing volatiles, increasing explosiveness

Eruption Styles
Extrusive = When volcanic activity takes place above ground,
so that hot molten magma is released onto the landscape, we
say that the volcanic activity is extrusive, meaning it is on the
exterior, or outside of the Earth. Magma that reaches the
service is known as lava.
Eruption Styles
Effusive eruptions = magma rises through the
surface and flows out of the volcano as a viscous
liquid called lava.
 Type of Volcanic Eruption
• Hydrothermal eruption
An eruption driven by the heat in a hydrothermal systems.
Hydrothermal eruptions pulverise surrounding rocks and
can produce ash, but do not include magma. These are
typically very small eruptions
 Type of Volcanic Eruption
• Phreatic eruption
An eruption driven by the heat from magma interacting
with water. The water can be from groundwater,
hydrothermal systems, surface runoff, a lake or the sea.
Phreatic eruptions pulverise surrounding rocks and can
produce ash, but do not include new magma.
 Type of Volcanic Eruption
• Phreatomagmatic eruption
An eruption resulting from the interaction of new magma
or lava with water and can be very explosive. The water can
be from groundwater, hydrothermal systems, surface
runoff, a lake or the sea.
 Type of Volcanic Eruption
• Strombolian and Hawaiian eruptions
These are the least violent types of explosive eruptions.
Hawaiian eruptions have fire fountains and lava flows,
whereas Strombolian eruptions have explosions causing a
shower of lava fragments.
 Type of Volcanic Eruption
• Vulcanian eruptions
Vulcanian eruptions are small to moderate explosive
eruptions, lasting seconds to minutes. Ash columns can be
up to 20 km in height, and lava blocks and bombs may be
ejected from the vent.

Sakurajima volcano
 Type of Volcanic Eruption
• Subplinian and Plinian eruptions
Eruptions with a high rate of magma discharge, sustained
for minutes to hours. They form a tall, convective eruption
column of a mixture of gas and rock particles, and can
cause wide dispersion of ash. Subplinian eruption columns
are up to 20 km high, and are relatively unsteady, whereas
Plinian eruptions have 20 to 35 km tall columns which may
collapse to form pyroclastic density currents (PDC’s). Very
rare Ultraplinian eruptions are even larger and have a
higher magma discharge rate than Plinian eruptions.
 Type of Volcanic Eruption
• Lava Domes
Lava domes form when very viscous, rubbly lava (usually
andesite, dacite or rhyolite) is squeezed out of a vent
without exploding. The lava piles up into a dome, which
may grow by inflating from the inside or by squeezing out
lobes of lava (something like toothpaste coming out of a
tube). These lava lobes can be short and blobby, long and
thin, or even form spikes that rise tens of meters into the
air before they fall over. Lava domes may be rounded,
pancake-shaped, or irregular piles of rock, depending on
the type of lava they form from.
 Type of Volcanic Eruption
• Lava flows
Are the effusive (non-explosive) outpourings of lava, and
usually flow slower than walking pace. Lava flow types
include a’a, blocky and pahoehoe.

Mauna Loa
 Type of Volcanic Eruption
• Surtseyan Eruption
Surtseyan eruptions are a kind of hydromagmatic eruption,
where magma or lava interacts explosively with water. In
most cases, Surtseyan eruptions occur when an undersea
volcano has finally grown large enough to break the water's
surface; because water expands when it turns to steam,
water that comes into contact with hot lava explodes and
creates plumes of ash, steam and scoria. Lavas created by a
Surtseyan eruption tend to be basalt, since most oceanic
volcanoes are basaltic.
Volcanic explosivity index
• The volcanic explosivity index (commonly
shortened to VEI) is a scale, from 0 to 8, for
measuring the strength of eruptions. It is used in
assessing the impact of historic and prehistoric lava
flows. It operates in a way similar to the Richter
scale for earthquakes, in that each interval in value
represents a tenfold increasing in. The vast majority
of volcanic eruptions are of VEIs between 0 and 2.
References
• http://www.ringoffirescience.com/support-files/l1-
volcanoes-sample-lesson.pdf Diakses pada tanggal
12 Maret
• http://www.geo.umass.edu/courses/geo105/Lectur
e-17.pdf Diakses pada tanggal 13 Maret
• http://www.geo.mtu.edu/rs4hazards/ksdurst/webs
ite/lectures/Volcanoes.pdf Diakses pada tanggal 13
Maret
• http://usuarios.geofisica.unam.mx/cecilia/cursos/V
olcCh5_Wicander-PhysG.pdf Diakses pada tanggal
13 Maret