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Production System
production system
Reservoir deliverability
is defined as the oil or gas production rate achievable
from reservoir at a given bottom-hole pressure.
1. Steady-State Flow:
refers to the condition where the fluid properties
(pressure, velocity, flowrate) at any single point in
the system do not change over time. Or a reservoir
with a constant-pressure boundary. The constant-
pressure boundary can be an aquifer or a water
injection well.
WELL INFLOW PERFORMANCE
For an oil reservoir:
kh( pe pwf )
qo
re
141.2Bo o (ln S)
rw
Skin
16
Petroleum engineers refer to this as formation
damage, and they quantitatively describe the extent
of permeability damage with a dimensionless
quantity “skin.”
19
Radial Flow Darcy’s Equation
𝒒𝝁𝑩 𝒓𝒔
𝒑∗𝒘 = 𝒑𝒔 − 𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟐 𝒍𝒏
𝒌𝒉 𝒓𝒘
𝒒𝝁𝑩 𝒓𝒔
𝒑𝒘 = 𝒑𝒔 − 𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟐 𝒍𝒏
𝒌𝒔 𝒉 𝒓𝒘
∗
𝚫𝐩𝐬 = 𝐩𝐰 − 𝐩𝐰
𝐪𝐁𝝁 𝒓𝒔 𝒌
𝚫𝐩𝐬 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟐 𝒍𝒏 −𝟏
𝒌𝒉 𝒓𝒘 𝒌𝒔
20
We define dimensionless pressure drop as skin s,
𝐪𝐁𝝁 𝒓𝒔 𝒌
𝚫𝐩𝐬 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟐 𝒍𝒏 −𝟏
𝒌𝒉 𝒓𝒘 𝒌𝒔
𝐪𝐁𝝁
𝚫𝐩𝐬 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏. 𝟐 𝒔
𝒌𝒉
21
WELL INFLOW PERFORMANCE
For gas reservoir:
kh( e wf )
qg
r
1422T(ln e S)
rw
1 Bqs re
[Pe Pw] 3 ln( )
7.08210 kh rw
WELL INFLOW PERFORMANCE
Where,
3. Transient Flow:
• ‘‘Transient flow’’ is defined as a flow regime where/when the
radius of pressure wave propagation from wellbore has not
reached any boundaries of the reservoir. During transient flow,
the developing pressure funnel is small relative to the reservoir
size. Therefore, the reservoir acts like an infinitively large
reservoir from transient pressure analysis point of view.
WELL INFLOW PERFORMANCE
For oil reservoir:
or
WELL INFLOW PERFORMANCE
WELL INFLOW PERFORMANCE
For gas reservoir:
WELL INFLOW PERFORMANCE
Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR):
• IPR is used for evaluating reservoir deliverability in production
engineering. The IPR curve is a graphical presentation of the
relation between the flowing bottom-hole pressure and
production rate. The magnitude of the slope of the IPR curve is
called the ‘‘productivity index’’ (PI or J), that is,
q
J
( pe pwf )
Apparently J is not a constant in the two-phase flow
region.
A typical IPR curve
WELL INFLOW PERFORMANCE
IPR for Single (Liquid)-Phase Reservoirs
• These equations define the productivity index (J*) for flowing
bottom-hole pressures above the bubble-point pressure as
follows:
for radial transient flow around a vertical well:
WELL INFLOW PERFORMANCE
• for radial steady-state flow around a vertical well,
qmax=AOF
WELL INFLOW PERFORMANCE
Example:
• Construct IPR of a vertical well in an oil reservoir. Consider (1)
steady-state flow, and (2) pseudo–steady-state flow. The
following data are given:
WELL INFLOW
PERFORMANCE
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WELL INFLOW
PERFORMANCE
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WELL INFLOW PERFORMANCE
IPR for Two-Phase Reservoirs
• Below the bubble-point pressure, the solution gas escapes
from the oil and become free gas. The free gas occupies
some portion of pore space, which reduces flow of oil. This
effect is quantified by the reduced relative permeability.
• Also, oil viscosity increases as its solution gas content drops.
The combination of the relative permeability effect and
the viscosity effect results in lower oil production rate at
a given bottom-hole pressure.
• This makes the IPR curve deviating from the linear trend
below bubble-point pressure.
WELL INFLOW PERFORMANCE
pwf pwf 2
q 618[1 0.2( ) 0.8( ) ]
5651 5651
WELL INFLOW PERFORMANCE
IPR for Partial Two-Phase Oil Reservoirs
• If the reservoir pressure is above the bubble-point pressure and
the flowing bottom-hole pressure is below the bubble point
pressure, a generalized IPR model can be formulated.
• This can be done by combining the straight-line IPR model for
single-phase flow with Vogel’s IPR model for two-phase flow.
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WELL INFLOW PERFORMANCE
𝑃𝑟
Where the pressure function f(p) is defined by: 𝑓 𝑝 = 𝑘 𝑟 𝜇 𝑜 𝐵𝑜
Where:
Kro :Oil relative permeability;K:absolute permeability,mD
Bo :oil formation volume factor; μo :Oil Viscosity , cp
Fetkovich Method
Fetkovich (1973) suggested that the pressure function f(p)
can basically fall into one of the following two regions:
Region 1. Under Saturated Region: The pressure function
f(p) falls into this region if P>Pb . Since oil relative
permeability in this region equals unity(i.e., Kro=1) then:
1
𝑓 𝑝 =( )
𝑜 𝜇 𝐵 𝑃
Fetkovich observed that the variation in f(p) is only slight
and the pressure function is considered constant.
Region 2. Saturated Region: in the saturated region where
P<Pb , Fetkovich showed that kro/μ B changes linearly
o o
with pressure and that the straight line passes through the
origin.
1
𝑓 𝑝 = (𝑃)
𝜇 𝐵 𝑜 𝑃𝑏𝑃 𝑏
Fetkovich Method
Fetkovich Method
In the application of the straight-line pressure
function , there are three cases that must be
considered:
1 𝑃𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑤𝑓 > 𝑃𝑏
2 𝑃𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑤𝑓 < 𝑃𝑏
(3) 𝑃𝑟> 𝑃𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑤𝑓 < 𝑃𝑏
These three cases are presented in the following
slides.
Fetkovich Method
Case 1: 𝑃𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑤𝑓 > 𝑃𝑏
In this case pressure function is assumed constant: