Comparative Analysis Of

Conventional Heat Treatment With

Corn Oil Blended With Indian Red
Seed Oil
 abstract
The aim of this paper is to carry out a comparative analysis of
conventional heat treatment of blend methyl ester of corn oil and indian
red seed oil with diesel and fossil diesel. As depletion of non-renewable
source of energy (fossil fuel like petroleum fuel, coal, natural gas) many
researches are looking forward to find an alternative source of renewable
energy, one such alternate diesel fuel is biodiesel. Biodiesel can be defined
as fuel comprising of mono alkyl ester of long chain of fatty acid derives
from vegetable and non-edible oil. As increase in energy demand stringent
emission norms and depletion of oil resources have led the researches to
find alternative fuels for internal combustion engine. In the Present Work
an experiment work is conducted to obtain the operating and
performance characteristics of blend corn oil and indian red seed biodiesel
and compared with diesel fossil on diesel engine at constant speed varying
load conditions with various blends of corn oil and indian red seed
biodiesel and diesel fuel. It is seen from the present work that the engine
performance is improved with significant reduction in unaccountable heat
losses for the blend corn oil and indian red seed oil with diesel as compare
to pure corn oil and indian red seed oil biodiesel without any engine
modification.
 Introduction
• In recent past, bio-fuel derived from plant species has been
a major renewable source of bio-energy. The utilization of
energy crops as a source of renewable fuel is a concept
with a great relevance to currant ecological and economic
issue at both national and global. This non-conventional
source of energy will help in removing in regional
imbalance in energy use by making energy available in a
decentralized manner. The production of bio fuel will lower
national dependence on foreign oil supplier and will reduce
emission green house gases scientist have identified some
plant that bear seeds rich in non-edible vegetative oil. The
natural oils when processed chemically show striking
similarities to petroleum derived diesel and are called bio-
fuel.
• Bio diesel is the ester based variety oxygenated fuels
derived from natural renewable biological sources such as
vegetable oils. Biodiesel fuel can be made from new or used
vegetable oil and animas fats. Biodiesel is high quality fuel
made through a chemical process called
Transesterification

• The chemical reaction that occurs through this process

breaks down the oil into a layer of biodiesel which rises to
the top of the reactor, and a layer of Glycerine which falls to
the bottom. The Glycerine is drained is drained off and used
for other purposes, composted or otherwise disposed off.
PROCESS FLOW
 SELECTION OF SEED
• Indian Red Seed
• Corn oil
 OIL EXTRACTION PROCESS
• The oil content of each sample collected
during an experiment is obtained by mean of a
refractometric analysis. This content is used
for computation of the momentary state of oil
extraction yield. For each experiment the time
tendency of extraction yield should be directed
to final yield resulting after separation of the
oil from the solvent.
• According to shrinking core model, the oil extraction of three
major steps: solubilisation of solute molecules from the liquid-solid
interface in the solvent

• diffusion of the solute molecules from the solid-liquid interface

through the surface layer to the outer boundary of the surface layer

• Diffusion of the solute molecules from the outer boundary of the

surface layer to bulk liquid phase. The shrinking core model
parameters are represented by oil
Saturation concentration in solvent (CS), effective diffusion
coefficient for oil in leached zone of particle (Deff) and oil diffusion
coefficient in the bulk liquid (solvent). Solvent flow velocity (w)
and axial dispersion coefficient (Dl) are the parameters of model
characterising the fixed bed oil transport.
ESTARIFICATION PROCESS
FLOW DIAGRAM
 BIO DIESEL PRODUCTION
• Flow chat of production of Biodiesel:
• The Transesterification process is the reaction of a
triglyceride (fat/oil) with an alcohol to form esters and
glycerol. The figure below shows the chemical process for
methyl ester biodiesel.
• The reaction between the oil and the alcohol is a reversible
reaction and so the alcohol must be added in excess to
drive the reaction towards the right and ensure complete
conversion. Biodiesel is produced from non edible oils or
animal fats and an alcohol, through a transesterification
reaction this chemical reaction converts an ester (non
edible oil or animal fat) into a mixture of esters of the fatty
acids that makes up the oil (or fat).
• Biodiesel is obtained from the purification of the mixture of
fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). A catalyst is used to
accelerate the reaction. According to the catalyst used,
transesterification can be basic, acidic or enzymatic, the
former being the most frequently used, as indicated.
 MOST IMPORTANT ALCOHOLS USED
IN BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
• Methanol. Most widely used, in spite of its
toxicity. It is a substance of petrochemical
origin.
• Ethanol. Less used, requires more complex
production technology and the reaction
speeds are lower. It can be produced from
biomass.
 MATERIAL PURCHASE
AGRI SOURCE
oil extraction
filtration

BIOCHEMICAL DETAILS
Ethanol
Methanol
corn oil
 CORN OIL
• Corn oil known as makka (Hindi name) is a weed found in India. It is introduced, naturalized

and occur as wasteland weed in almost every part of India. Corn oil (maize oil) is oil extracted

from the germ of corn (maize). Its main use is in cooking, where its high smoke point makes

refined corn oil valuable frying oil. It is also a key ingredient in some margarine. Corn oil is

generally less expensive than most other types of vegetable oils. One bushel of corn contains

1.55 pounds of corn oil (2.8% by weight). Corn agronomists have developed high-oil

varieties; however, these varieties tend to show lower field yields, so they are not universally

accepted by growers.

• Corn oil is also a feedstock used for biodiesel. Other industrial uses for corn oil include soap,

salve, and paint. Rust proofing for metal surfaces, inks, textiles, nitroglycerin and insecticides.

It is sometimes used as a carrier for drug molecules in pharmaceutical preparations.

 CORN OIL
SL.NO PROPERTY VALUE UNIT

1 Density 875 kg/cm3

2 Kinematic 4.5 mm2/s

viscosity

3 Flash point 153 °C

4 Calorific value 39.5 MJ/kg

Indian red seed
 Indian red seed
• indian red seed is a medium-sized to large deciduous
tree, 6-15 m tall and up to 45 cm diameter, depending
on location; generally erect; bark dark brown to
greyish; inner bark soft, pale brown; crown spreading;
multiple stems common, as are slightly buttressed
trunks in older trees.
• Leaves bipinnate; 2-6 opposite pairs of pinnae, each
with 8-21 leaflets on short stalks; alternate leaflets 2-
2.5 x 3 cm, oval-oblong, with an asymmetric base and
blunt apex, dull green on topside and blue-green
underside; leaves turn yellow with age.
• Macroscopic observation indicated that the hull of the
mature seed is composed of four layers, i.e : the first
layer was the outer layer, appeared red and shiny, and
was solved in the soaking water; the second layer was
thin, transparent, flexible but discontinous and
appeared orange; the third layer was thick, non
transparent, rigid and white in color; while the fourth
layer was thick, but transparent, rigid, and white. While
microscopic studies showed the existence of
microscleroid layer, beside subepidermal and cotiledon
layer, the seed contained calcium oxalate crystal of the
"druses" type.
 OIL MIXING RATIO FROM SEED
• Ethanol - 5%
• Methanol - 5%
• Oil - 90%
 OIL MIXING RATIO
• 1. Load test with 100% diesel
• 2. Load test with 5% biodiesel & 95% diesel
• 3. Load test with 10% biodiesel & 90% diesel
• 4. Load test with 15% biodiesel & 85% diesel
 TESTING
Oil test
• Performance test
• Emission test
 TEST DETAILS
Performance test
• Load vs speed
• Load vs time
• Load vs current
• Load vs voltage
Emission test
 Nox
 Cox
 sox
 APPLICATION
• Automobile components
 BENEFITS OF BIODIESEL
• Biodiesel is a good lubricant about 66% better
than petro diesel
• Biodiesel produce less smoke and particulate
maters as it is free of sulphur and aromatics.
• Biodiesel has higher cetane number having well
anti knocking property.
• Produce lower carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon
emissions.
• Bio-diesel is renewable, biodegradable and non-
toxic.
 REFERENCE
• “Annual Report, Mop & NG” 2002, Plubished by
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of
India.
• Bersce G.B, Fey J.P, “Compatibility of Elastomers and
Metals in Bio-Diesel Fuel Blends”, SAE Paper No.
971190, 1997, pp. 651-659
• Aggarwal A.K, Das L.M. “Biodiesel Development and
Characterization for use as a fuel in Compression
Ignition Engine”, ASME Journal of Engineering for
Gas turbine & Power, Vol.123, April 2001, pp.440-447.
• Beggs R.E “ Renewwable Oil Fuels & Diesel Engines
as components of sustainable system design”