CE 6114

Analysis and Design of Tall Building

Lecture On

TALL BUILDING CRITERIA AND LOADING

Lecture 2

Professor Dr. Shafiul Bari

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology,
BUET.
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BASIC CONSIDERATIONS
 1.2.1 General
All buildings and structures shall be designed and constructed in conformance with the
provisions of this section. The buildings and portions thereof shall support all loads
including dead load specified in this chapter and elsewhere in this Code. Impact, fatigue
and self-straining forces shall be considered where these forces occur.

 1.2.2 Buildings and Structures

A structure shall ordinarily be described as an assemblage of framing members and
components arranged to support both gravity and lateral forces. Structures may be
classified as building and non-building structures. Structures that enclose a space and
are used for various occupancies shall be called buildings or building structures.
Structures other than buildings, such as water tanks, bridges, communication towers,
chimneys etc., shall be called non-building structures. When used in conjunction with
the word building(s), the word structure(s) shall mean non-building structures, e.g.
'buildings and structures' or 'buildings or structures'. Otherwise the word 'structures'
shall include both buildings and non-building structures.
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 1.2.3 Structure Importance Category

For the purpose of these provisions, buildings, structures and related

equipments shall be classified into five structure importance categories as
listed in Table 6.1.1, based on the level of necessity of remaining safe and
functional during any post disaster period e.g. after a cyclone, or an
earthquake. Each building or structure shall be placed in one of the
structure importance categories and provided with a structure
importance coefficient for design against wind and earthquake induced
forces.
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 1.2.4 Safety
Buildings, structures and components thereof, shall be designed and
constructed to support all loads, including dead loads, without exceeding
the allowable stresses or specified strengths (under applicable factored
loads) for the materials of construction in the structural members and
connections.

 1.2.5 Serviceability
Structural framing systems and components shall be designed with
adequate stiffness to have deflections, vibration, or any other
deformations within the serviceability limit of building or structure
specified in this chapter.
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Structural Systems
 1.3.1 General
Every structure shall have one of the basic structural systems specified in
Sec 1.3.2 or a combination thereof. The structural configuration shall be as
specified in Sec 1.3.4 with the limitations imposed in Sec 1.3.5.

 1.3.2 Basic Structural Systems

Structural systems for buildings and other structures shall be designated
as one of the types listed in Table 6.1.2 and are defined as follows:

a) Bearing Wall System : A structural system having bearing walls or

bracing systems without a complete vertical load carrying frame to
support gravity loads. Resistance to lateral loads is provided by shear walls
or braced frames.
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b) Building Frame System : A structural system with an
essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity
loads. Resistance to lateral loads is provided by shear walls or
braced frames separately.

c) Moment Resisting Frame System : A structural system with an

essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity
loads. Moment resisting frames also provide resistance to lateral
load primarily by flexural action of members, and may be classified
as one of the following types:

i) Special Moment Resisting Frames (SMRF)

ii) Intermediate Moment Resisting Frames (IMRF)
iii) Ordinary Moment Resisting Frames (OMRF).
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The framing system, IMRF and SMRF shall have special detailing to provide
ductile behavior conforming to the provisions of Sec 8.3 and 10.5.17 for
concrete and steel structures respectively. OMRF need not conform to the
ductility requirements of Chapter 8 or 10.

d) Dual System : A structural system having a combination of the following

framing systems :

I) Moment resisting frames (SMRF, IMRF or steel OMRF), and

ii) Shear walls or braced frames.
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The two systems specified in d(i) and d(ii) above shall be designed to resist
the total lateral force in proportion to their relative rigidities considering
the interaction of the dual system at all levels. However, the moment
resisting frames shall be capable of resisting at least 25% of the applicable
total seismic lateral force, even when wind or any other lateral force
governs the design.

e) Special Structural System : A structural system not defined above nor

listed in Table 6.1.2 and specially designed to carry the lateral loads, such
as tube-in-tube, bundled tube, etc.

f) Non-building Structural System: A structural system used for purposes

other than in buildings and conforming to Sec 1.5.4.8, 1.5.4.9, 2.4.6.4 and
2.5.9.
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 Structural Configurations
Based on the structural configuration, each structure shall be designated
as a regular, or irregular structure as defined below :

 1.3.4.1 Regular Structures : Regular structures have no significant

physical discontinuities in plan or vertical configuration or in their lateral
force resisting systems such as the irregular features described in
Sec 1.3.4.2 below.

 1.3.4.2 Irregular Structures : Irregular structures have significant

physical discontinuities in configuration or in their lateral force resisting
systems. Irregular structures have either vertical irregularity or plan
irregularity or both in their structural configurations.
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a) Vertical Irregularity : Structures having one or more of the irregular
features listed in Table 6.1.3 shall be designated as having a vertical
irregularity.

Exception :
Where no storey drift ratio under design lateral force is greater than
1.3 times the storey drift ratio of the storey above, the structure may be
deemed not to have irregularities of Type I or II in Table 6.1.3. For this
case, the storey drifts may be calculated neglecting torsional effect and
the storey drift ratio for the top two storeys need not be considered.

b) Plan Irregularity: Structures having one or more of the irregular features

listed in Table 6.1.4 shall be designated as having a plan irregularity.
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 Loading
 1.5.3 Design for Wind Load
Design of buildings and their components to resist wind induced forces shall
comply with the following requirements:

 1.5.3.1 Direction of Wind : Structural design for wind forces shall be

based on the assumption that wind may blow from any horizontal direction.

 1.5.3.2 Design Considerations : Design wind load on the primary

framing systems and components of a building or structure shall be determined on
the basis of the procedures provided in Sec 2.4 considering the basic wind speed,
shape and size of the building, and the terrain exposure condition of the site. For
slender buildings and structures, dynamic response characteristics, such as
fundamental natural frequency, shall be determined for calculating the gust
response coefficient. Load effects, such as forces, moments, deflections etc. on
various components of the building due to wind shall be determined from a static
analysis of the structure as specified in Sec 1.2.6.1.
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 1.5.4 Design for Earthquake Forces
Design of structures and components thereof to resist the effects of
earthquake forces shall comply with the requirements of this section.
One- and two-family dwellings in Seismic Zone 1 need not conform to the
provisions of this section.

1.5.4.1 Basic Design Consideration : For the purpose of earthquake

resistant design, each structure shall be placed in one of the seismic zones
as given in Fig 6.2.8 and assigned with a structure importance category as
set forth in Sec 1.2.3. The seismic forces on structures shall be determined
considering seismic zoning, site soil characteristics, structural systems and
configurations, height and dynamic properties of the structure as provided
in Sec 2.5. The structural system and configuration types for a building or a
structure shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Sec 1.3.
Other seismic design requirements shall be those specified in this section.
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 2.3.9 Reduction of Live Loads

Reduction of live load is permitted for primary structural members

supporting floor or roof, including beam, girder, truss, flat slab, flat plate,
column, pier, footing and the like. Where applicable, the reduced live load
on a primary structural member shall be obtained by multiplying the
corresponding unreduced uniformly distributed live load with an
appropriate live load reduction factor, R as listed in Table 6.2.7 and set
forth in Sec 2.3.9.1.

2.3.9.1 Load Groups : All possible live loads applied on floors and
roof of a building due to various occupancies and uses, shall be divided
into three load groups as described below for determining the appropriate
live load reduction factors.
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 a) Load Group 1 : Uniformly distributed live loads arising from the

occupancies and uses of (i) assembly occupancies or areas with uniformly
distributed live load of 5.0 kN/m2 or less, (ii) machinery and equipment
for which specific live load allowances have been made, (iii) special roof
live load as described in Sec 2.3.4.2, and (iv) printing plants, vaults, strong
rooms and armories, shall be classified under Load Group 1. Reduction of
live load shall not be allowed for members or portions thereof under this
load group and a reduction factor, R =1.0 shall be applied for such cases.
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b) Load Group 2 : Uniformly distributed live loads resulting from
occupancies or uses of (i) assembly areas with uniformly distributed live
load greater than 5.0 kN/m2, and (ii) storage, mercantile, industrial and
retail stores, shall be classified under Load Group 2. Live load reduction
factor, 1.0 < R < 0.7 shall be applied to this load group depending on the
tributary area of the floors or roof supported by the member as specified
in Sec 2.3.9.3.

c) Load Group 3 : Uniformly distributed live loads arising due to all

other occupancies and uses except those of Load Group 1 and Load Group
2, shall be grouped into Load Group 3. Live load reduction factor, 1.0 ≤ R ≤
0.5 as specified in the Sec 2.3.9.3, shall be applied to tributary areas under
this load group.
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 2.3.9.2 Tributary Area : The tributary area of a structural

member supporting floors or roof shall be determined as follows :

a) Tributary Area for Wall, Column, Pier, Footing and the like :
Tributary areas of these members shall consist of portions of the
areas of all floors, roof or combination thereof that contribute live
loads to the member concerned.

b) Tributary Area for Beam, Girder, Flat plate and Flat slab :
Tributary area for such a member shall consist of the portion of the
roof or a floor at any single level that contributes loads to the
member concerned.
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 2.3.9.3 Determination of Reduced Live Load :
The value of the live load reduction factor, R shall depend on the load
group specified in Sec 2.3.9.1 and on the tributary area of the floor or the
roof and combination thereof supported by a primary structural member.
The reduced live load on a structural member shall be determined using
the following steps:

a) Portions of the tributary area pertaining to each of the three load

groups specified in Sec 2.3.9.1 shall be identified and summed up, and a
value of the reduction factor R shall be obtained from Table 6.2.7
corresponding to each portion of the tributary area,
b) The reduced live loads or load intensities shall then be obtained for
each load group by multiplying the unreduced live loads or load
intensities by the corresponding reduction factors, and finally,
c) The total reduced live load on a structural member shall be
determined by summing up the reduced live loads from each load group.
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 2.4.6.2 Sustained Wind Pressure : The sustained wind
pressure, qz on a building surface at any height z above ground shall be
calculated from the following relation :
qz = Cc CI Cz ………………………………………..2.4.1)

where, qz = sustained wind pressure at height z, kN/m2

CI = structure importance coefficient as given in Table 6.2.9
Cc = velocity-to-pressure conversion coefficient = 47.2x10-6
Cz = combined height and exposure coefficient as given in Table
6.2.10
Vb = basic wind speed in km/h obtained from Sec 2.4.5
If a structure is located within a local topographic zone, qz shall be
modified in accordance with Sec 2.4.6.8.
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 2.4.6.3 Design Wind Pressure : The design wind pressure, pz for a
structure or an element of a structure at any height, z above mean
ground level shall be determined from the relation :
pz = CG Cp qz………………………………………(2.4.2)

where, pz = design wind pressure at height z , kN/m2

CG = gust coefficient which shall be Gz , Gh, or `G
as set forth in Sec 2.4.6.6
Cp = pressure coefficient for structures or
components as set forth Sec 2.4.6.7
qz = sustained wind pressure obtain from Eq (2.4.1).
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• Table 6.2.15 (1)
Overall Pressure Coefficients,`Cp(2) for Rectangular Buildings with Flat Roofs
h/B L/B
0.1 0.5 0.65 1 2 > 3.0
<0.5 1.4 1.45 1.50 1.4 1.15 1.1
10 1.55 1.85 2.0 1.7 1.3 1.15
20 1.8 2.25 2.55 2.0 1.4 1.2
≥40.0 1.95 2.50 2.80 2.2 1.6 1.25

Notes: (1) These Coefficients are to be used with Method-2

given in Sec 2.4.6.6a(ii). Use `Cp = + 0.7 for roof in all cases.
(2) Linear interpolation may be made for intermediate
values of` `h/B
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 Table 6.2.20
Overall Pressure Coefficients, `Cp for Trussed Towers

 Reference -Bangladesh National Building Code(BNBC)

Chapter 2 (Loads)
Page No: 6-39
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 2.5.6 Equivalent Static Force Method

This method may be used for calculation of seismic lateral forces for all
structures specified in Sec 2.5.5.1(a)

2.5.6.1 Design Base Shear : The total design base shear in a

given direction shall be determined from the following relation :

………………………………………………….. (2.5.1)
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where, Z = Seismic zone coefficient given in Table 6.2.22

I = Structure importance coefficient given in Table 6.2.23
R =Response modification coefficient for structural systems given in
Table 6.2.24
W =The total seismic dead load defined in Sec 2.5.5.2
C = Numerical coefficient given by the relation :

………………………………………………………..(2.5.2)
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2.7 Combinations Of Loads
 2.7.1 General
Buildings, foundations and structural members shall be investigated for
adequate strength to resist the most unfavourable effect resulting from
the various combinations of loads provided in this section. The
combination of loads may be selected using the provisions of either Sec
2.7.4 or 2.7.5 whichever is applicable. However, once Sec 2.7.4 or 2.7.5 is
selected for a particular construction material, it must be used exclusively
for proportioning elements of that material throughout the structure. In
addition to the load combinations given in Sec 2.7.4 and 2.7.5 any other
specific load combination provided elsewhere in this Code shall also be
investigated to determine the most unfavourable effect.
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 The most unfavourable effect of loads may also occur when one or more
of the contributing loads are absent, or act in the reverse direction. Loads
such as F, H or S shall be considered in design when their effects are
significant. Floor live loads shall not be considered where their inclusion
result in lower stresses in the member under consideration. The most
unfavourable effects from both wind and earthquake loads shall be
considered where appropriate, but they need not be assumed to act
simultaneously.
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 S = Site coefficient for soil characteristics as provided in Table 6.2.25

 T = Fundamental period of vibration in seconds, of the structure for the
direction under consideration as determined by the provisions of Sec
2.5.6.2.
 The value of C need not exceed 2.75 and this value may be used for any
structure without regard to soil type or structure period. Except for those
requirements where Code prescribed forces are scaled up by 0.375R, the
minimum value of the ratio C/R shall be 0.075.
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 2.7.4 Combinations of Loads and Stress Increase for
Allowable Stress Design Method
 2.7.4.1 Combination of Loads : Provisions of this section shall apply
to all construction materials permitting their use in proportioning
structural members by allowable stress design method. When this
method is used in designing structural members, all loads listed herein
shall be considered to act in the following combinations. The combination
that produces the most unfavourable effect shall be used in design.

1. D
2. D+L
3. D+S
4. D + (W or E)
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5. 0.9D + (W or E)
6. D + (H or F)
7. D + L + (H or F)
8. D+S+L
9. D + S + (W or E)
10. D + L + (W or E)
11. D + L + (H or F) + (W or E)
12. D + S + L + (H or F) + (W or E)

 2.7.4.2 Stress Increase : Except as specified in Sec 1.5.5.(b) and

elsewhere in this Code, the maximum permissible increase in the allowable
stresses of all materials and soil bearing capacities specified in this Code for
working (or allowable) stress design method, when load combinations (7)
through (11) in Sec 2.7.4.1 above is used, shall be 33%.
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 2.7.5 Combinations of Loads for Strength Design Method

 W hen strength design method is used, structural members and
foundations shall be designed to have strength not less than that required
to resist the most unfavorable effect of the combinations of factored loads
listed in the following sections :

 2.7.5.1 Load Combinations for Reinforced Concrete and

Masonry Structures
1. 1.4D
2. 1.4D + 1.7L
3. 1.4 D + 1.4 S
4. 0.9D + 1.3 (W or 1.1 E)
5. 0.9D + 1.7 ( H or F)
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6. 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7 (H or F)
7. 0.75 [ 1.4D + 1.4S + 1.7L ]
8. 0.75 [ 1.4D + 1.4S+1.7 (W or 1.1E) ]
9. 0.75 [ 1.4D + 1.7L+ 1.7W ]
10. 0.75 [ 1.4D + 1.7L + 1.7 (H or F) + 1.7 (W or 1.1E) ]
11. 0.75 [ 1.4D + 1.4S + 1.7L + 1.7 ( H or F) + 1.7 (W or 1.1E) ]
12. 1.4 (D+L+E)