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Navigation
Key Elements
1) Definitions
2) Basic navigation instruments
3) Pilotage and dead reckoning
4) Navigational aids
5) Aircraft receivers and NAV systems
6) Basic en route instrument procedures
• VOR/DME
• ILS
• Terminal instrument approaches
• Circle to land
7) Navigation (Class I and II) IFR Navigation using GPS/WASS
RNAV Class I Navigation in US Class A Airspace using Area or
Long Range Navigation Systems.
8) RNAV 1 DPs and STARS operations.
Navigation
DEFINITIONS
Navigation – Class 1
Class I navigation requires the aircraft’s position
be “reliably fixed” at least once each hour.
ENC Information
Line of Sight Signal Transmission
VOR Station Service Volumes
High Altitude VOR Terminal & Low Altitude VOR
VOR Accuracy
Function of VOR
VOR Operational Errors
Typical pilot-induced errors include:
1. Careless tuning and identification of station.
2. Failure to check receiver for
accuracy/sensitivity.
3. Turning in the wrong direction during an
orientation.
to include….
Magnetic Compass
Navigation
To find the true course that is being flown when the compass course is known:
Compass Course ± Deviation = Magnetic Course ± Variation = True Course
Northerly Turning Error
The Effects of Acceleration Error.
Navigation
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
Types of
NAVAIDs
VOR
NDB
DME
TACAN
Distance Measuring
Equipment (DME)
• Distance measuring
equipment (DME) consists of
an ultra high frequency (UHF)
navigational aid with
VOR/DMEs and VORTACs.
Accuracy
Area Navigation (RNAV)
• Area navigation (RNAV) equipment includes
VOR/DME, LORAN, GPS, and inertial
navigation systems (INS).
VOR/DME RNAV
“In its simplest form, VOR/DME RNAV allows the pilot to
electronically move VORTACs around to more
convenient locations.”
To utilize the unit’s RNAV capability, the pilot
selects and establishes a waypoint or a series
of waypoints to define a course
Loran-C Navigation
• As with all approaches, the primary navigation responsibility falls upon the
pilot in command
TERMINAL INSTRUMENT APPROACHES
(TERPS)
TERPS criteria have been established for the
following Instrument Procedures:
VOR/DME
LORAN
GPS
AND Inertial Navigation Systems
VOR/DME RNAV
VOR/DME RNAV
LORAN
There are two types of accuracy that must be
addressed in any discussion of LORAN accuracy
1 – Repeatable Accuracy
2 – Absolute Accuracy
RNAV 1 DPs and STARS operations
http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAdvisoryCircular.nsf/list/AC%2090-100A/$FILE/AC%2090-100A.pdf