RAY Skills Development LLC

BASIC FIRST AID

and CPR

Instructor:
Date:
Location:

Rev – 1.0 BASIC FIRST AID 01/03/2014

RAY SKILLS – EMERGENCY EVACUATION PLAN
 COURSE OBJECTIVES

At the completion of this course, the participant will be able to:

 Make a scene survey and danger assessment
 Determine unresponsiveness and call for HELP
 Perform airway management
 Carry out breathing assessment and perform rescue breathing
 Make a circulation assessment - pulse check
 Demonstrate external chest compression techniques
 Apply the recovery position
 Learn how to treat common injuries
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS FIRST AID?

FIRST AID is the initial care of a suddenly sick or injured person

before the arrival of the qualified medical personnel. It is the
care administered by a person as soon as possible after an
accident or illness.
 INTRODUCTION

The Aim of A First Aider

 To save LIFE

 Limit the effects of accident or illness

 Promote recovery
 INTRODUCTION

WHY WE SHOULD KNOW FIRST AID?

 Because the human brain can survive only 6-10 minutes

without oxygen
 Because incidents or sudden illness can occur to
anybody anytime
 Because simple actions can save lives or reduce harm
 However, the wrong action can cause further harm and
worsen the condition
 Because the first treatment affects the outcome
 INTRODUCTION

Who Can Be a First Aider?

 First Aiders are employees trained in first aid, chosen from
among the personnel that work on a project/site.
 First Aider selection considers:
o The interest, aptitude and ability of the employee
o The ability to remain calm in emergency situations
o Reliability
o Proven skills in applying First Aid knowledge
o Psycho-physical condition
o Work responsibilities of the chosen employee must not
prevent readiness for an emergency situation.
 INITIAL RESPONSE

INITIAL REPSONSE

LET’S START WITH THE BASICS

 INITIAL RESPONSE

1- Assessing the situation

 Is it an injury or illness?
 The type of incident will determine what should be done

Keep these priorities in mind:

 Your own safety
Approach with caution, look for hazards, try to
assess what has happened
 The safety of the casualty
Only move the casualty if it is absolutely necessary
for their own safety
 Make the area safe
Isolate plant, machinery etc.

Q : What happened, how & when did it

happen?
 INITIAL RESPONSE

1- Assessing the situation

Use the acronym
SETUP
Stop. Wen you stop you give to your self a time to
think about it before you get involved.

Environment. Look around and see if there is any

hazard for you and for casualty

Traffic. It is very important to check the traffic in

road accident case.

Unknown Hazard. When toxic gas or any

other unseen hazard may exist, we need to think about
it first
Protect. Use a PPE and any thing else that protect
you from any Hazard.
 INITIAL RESPONSE

2 - Approach Casualty

 Check that further danger does not exist

at the scene

 Only move the casualty if it is absolutely

necessary

 Check the consciousness state of the

casualty
 INITIAL RESPONSE

3 - Level of Consciousness

Try to speak with the casualty

Reaction to painful stimulus may be checked by pressing behind the

collar bone of the patient with your thumb and index finger or pinching
the earlobe

Evaluate the level of consciousness of the casualty using the AVPU

method:

Alert,
responds to Verbal stimuli,
responds to Pain stimuli,
Unresponsive
 INITIAL RESPONSE

4 - Removing from Danger

Is it necessary to move the injured

person ?
 INITIAL RESPONSE

4 - Removing from Danger

When?
When the life of the injured person is more in danger if not
removed
 INITIAL RESPONSE

4 - Removing from Danger

Moving the casualty by the

wrist
 INITIAL RESPONSE

4 - Removing from Danger

Moving the casualty by the

ankles
 INITIAL RESPONSES

4 - Removing from Danger

Moving the casualty from a vehicle

 INITIAL RESPONSE

5 - Check the vital functions

A - Airway

B - Breathing

C - Circulation

First Aid ABC

 INITIAL RESPONSE

6 - Activating EMS - Emergency Medical Services

Call 9999 Call for HELP!

 FULL BODY SURVEY

 Place the casualty in the supine position

 Kneel at the patient’s side at their shoulder level

 FULL BODY SURVEY

 When you are certain that

the First Aid ABCs are in
order then proceed with
the secondary survey

 From Head to Toe look for:

o Bleeding
o Fractures
o Dislocations
o Bruising
o Contusions
o Burns
o Wounds
 RECOVERY POSITION

Unconscious victim
 Recovery position
 Blanket

1 3

2
 GENERAL RULES

 Remove all constricting objects such as ties, necklaces, rings,

bracelets, belts

 If necessary, clothing should be removed moving the casualty as

little as possible

 Be careful when removing footwear, especially safety boots or shoes

 Look for clues to the incident dynamics, and also any possible cause
(medicines carried, notes about illness, medical alert bracelet etc.)

 Do not allow the patient to stand up, at all costs

 Stay near the casualty, reassure them and tell them that help is on
the way
CPR - CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

CPR

Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation
 CPR

What is CPR?

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation involves:

 Artificial Respiratory

 Chest Compression
 CPR

ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION
 CPR

Artificial Respiration
 Before commencing Artificial Respiration:
o AIRWAY must be open
o BREATHING must be checked
 CPR

Artificial Respiration

If, despite the airway being clear and

unblocked, the head is positioned correctly,
and there is still NO breathing, then it is
necessary to perform artificial respiration.

The following methods may be used:

 Mouth to Mouth
 Mouth to Nose
 Mouth to Mask
 CPR

MOUTH TO MOUTH AND MOUTH TO MASK RESPIRATION

1. Keeping the patient’s airway open, close
the nostrils of the patient between the
finger and thumb of one hand, and draw in
a breath.
2. Place your lips or mask in a tight seal over
those of the patient and breathe air into
their lungs.
3. Lift your head about 20cm and turn your
head towards the patient’s chest; this
allows the patient to exhale and you to
observe the chest movements.
4. After about one second take a fresh breath,
and repeat the ventilation once more
only.
5. Now check for a heart beat.
 MOUTH TO NOSE RESPIRATION

1. This method may be used when it is

difficult or impossible to carry out mouth to
mouth respiration, due to injuries to the
mouth or jaw, or it is impossible to open
the mouth.

2. Keep the AIRWAY open with one hand

lifting up the jaw, close the patient’s mouth
and draw in a breath.

3. With your lips sealed over the nose of the

patient, blow a breath down their nostrils.

4. Lift your head around 20cm and turn it

towards the patient’s chest; this enables
the patient to exhale and you to observe
their chest movements.
Warning: When possible, use a
barrier device (pocket mask) for
5. After about one second take a fresh breath infection control.
and repeat the process just one more time.

6. Now check for a heart beat.

 CPR

 Each ventilation should be enough to visibly lift the chest.

 The quantity of air introduced should be around 500ml, the

equivalent of a normal breath.

 The duration of each inflation should be around 1.5 to 2

seconds.

 If your attempts fail, consider the possibility of an airways

obstruction created by a foreign body.
 CPR

THE SIGNS OF CORRECT TECHNIQUE

1. The raising and lowering of the chest with the rhythm of the
cycle of inflation/exhalation.

2. Sounds of air flow during the patient’s exhalations.

 CPR

CARDIAC COMPRESSION
 CPR

 Make sure there is no pulse

 CPR

 Circulation
 External chest compression
 CPR

 Circulation
 External chest compression
CPR
 CPR

 Circulation/breathing

External chest compression/mouth to mouth 15/2 if 2 F-aiders 30/2 if alone

 CPR

CPR EXERCISE
 CPR

COMPLICATIONS IN CPR

1. Fracturing of the sternum or ribs.

2. Rupturing of the liver, stomach, or spleen.

3. Pulmonary contusion.

4. CPR must never be carried out if the heart is beating.

 CHAIN OF SUCCESSFUL RESUSCITATION

 Successful resuscitation from Cardiac Arrest is dependent on a

chain of events, all of which must occur in a sequence d
timely manner.

As with all chains, the Chain of Survival is only as strong as its

weakest link.
COMMON INJURIES
 AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR

 AED :
An automated external
defibrillator (AED) is a portable
device that checks the heart
rhythm. If needed, it can send
an electric shock to the heart to
try to restore a normal rhythm.
AEDs are used to treat sudden
cardiac arrest (SCA).
 AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR

 Why are AEDs important?

AEDs make it possible for more

people to respond to
a medical emergency where
defibrillation is required.
Because AEDs are portable,
they can be used by
nonmedical people.
 AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR

 Who can use an AED?

Non-medical personnel such

as police, fire service
personnel, flight attendants,
security guards and other lay
rescuers who have been
properly trained can use
AEDs.
AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR

AED
EXERCISE
 COMMON INJURIES

BLEEDING
 COMMON INJURIES

THE CARDIO-VASCULAR SYSTEM

 HEART - The system “Pump”

 ARTERIES - Carry blood from the heart

 CAPILLARIES - exchange respiratory gases

 VEINS - Carry blood to the heart

 COMMON INJURIES

DEFINITION OF BLEEDING

“
When the blood is coming out of the blood vessels (veins

and arteries) or from the heart due to their rupture,

”
diminishing blood circulatory volume
 COMMON INJURIES

TREATMENT OF EXTERNAL BLEEDING

 Lay the injured person flat

 Cover the wound

 Stop the bleeding:

o Use direct pressure on the wound
o Elevate the affected part
o Apply a compression bandage
o Apply a tourniquet

 Immobilise the area of the wound

 COMMON INJURIES

DIRECT PRESURE

Apply pressure with a

clean dressing

Apply additional dressing

if necessary.

Bandage wound
 COMMON INJURIES

ELEVATION OF THE AFFECTED AREA

If the preceding methods fails, and
if there is no fracture:

Elevate the area above the level

of the heart.
 COMMON INJURIES

PRESURE OVER THE ARTERY

Pressure applied on the Brachial artery

 COMMON INJURIES

POINTS OF PRESURE
CAROTID ARTERY

BRACHIAL ARTERY

CRURAL AREA
COMMON INJURIES
 COMMON INJURIES

CHOKING
 COMMON INJURIES

 More people in the world die from choking than in aircraft crashes.

 It happens especially at mealtimes, often to the young and elderly

who do not chew their food sufficiently, or in healthy adults who are
talking or laughing during eating

 Elderly people have weaker reflexes; children are also often at risk
during the “exploration phase” of their development when they put
different things in their mouths to taste them.
 COMMON INJURIES

 PARTIAL OBSTRUCTION
Very strenuous breathing, “hunting for air”, a strong cough, or
if the obstruction is of another type, high pitched breathing
sounds, a weak cough and possibly cyanosis.

 TOTAL OBSTRUCTION
The victim cannot speak, breath, cough and becomes
cyanotic.
SIGNS OF CHOKING

There is a sign made as an

automatic reaction by all victims of
choking:

They take hold of their throat,

grasping it between thumb and
forefinger
 COMMON INJURIES

Abdominal Thrust
 This technique is used only when the throat is
obstructed, usually by a foreign object

 The technique used to be called the Heimlich

manoeuvre.

 It is based on the principle that increasing the

abdominal pressure impinging on the
diaphragm thus increases pressure in the
thorax, and by thus creating an artificial cough
expels air from the lungs.

 Thrusts should be resolutely performed in order

to expel the foreign body.
 COMMON INJURIES

Abdominal Thrust
 COMMON INJURIES

Fractures
 COMMON INJURIES

Fractures
There are two types of fracture

Open Closed
 COMMON INJURIES

Signs and Symptoms of Fractures

 Shortening, bending or twisting of the

limb

 Coarse grating of the bone ends

 Swelling and bruising

 Difficulty in moving the limb

 Severe pain

 Tenderness over the bone

 Distortion
 COMMON INJURIES

Signs and Symptoms of Fractures

Any broken bone will be very painful, therefore, casualties with

suspected fractures or broken bones should be treated very
gently and with great respect.

1. Summon urgent medical treatment

2. Monitor casualty’s breathing and pulse

3. Don’t move them unless it is absolutely necessary

4. Immobilize the fracture/break

ANY QUESTIONS?