Diode Circuit

CTM
Diode – ability to conduct current in one direction and
block current in other direction
 used in circuit called RECTIFIER (ac dc)

Rectifier :
• Half rectifier (penyearah setengah gelombang)
• Full rectifier (penyearah gelombang penuh)
• Bridge rectifier (penyearah jembatan)

2
 Half Rectifier Diode
• AC source produce a sinusoidal voltage.
Assuming as an ideal diode:
• The positive half cycle of source will forward
biased the diode, diode act as closed switch
and the positive half cycle of source voltage
will appear across the resistor.
• The negative half cycle of source will reverse
biased the diode so that diode acts as open
switch and no voltage will appear the resistor.
 ac source load resi

(b) Half wave rectifier circuit

(a) Input sinusoidal to half wave rectifier

The average value

VDC or VAVG :

Vp
VAVG 

-Measure on dc voltmeter
Vo from HR produce an unidiretional load current (𝐼𝐷𝐶 )
• Ideal half wave :
𝑉𝑃(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = 𝑉𝑃(𝑖𝑛)

• Output frequency of HR
𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛
(mengacu pada sinyal input & output)

• The rms value of half wave signal determine by:

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 1,57 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔

where : 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐 = 0,318 𝑉𝑝

𝑉𝑝
Other formula : 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
√2
 4-5 Half-Wave Rectifiers (cont.)
[Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)]

- Peak inverse
voltage (PIV) is
the maximum
voltage across the
diode when it is
in reverse bias.

The diode must be

capable of
PIV  V p (in)
withstanding this
amount of voltage.

8
 Diode Rectifier for 2nd approximation
(Effect of the Barrier Potential on the Half-Wave Rectifier Output)

• Practical Diode – barrier potential of 0.7V (Si) taken into

account.
• During +ve half-cycle – Vin must overcome Vpotential for forward
bias.
V p ( out)  V p (in)  0.7V
• Example 1: Calculate the peak o/p voltage, Vp(out)?
The peak o/p voltage:

V p (out)  V p (in)  0.7V

 5V  0.7V
 4.30V
 Half Wave Rectifier Output Signal
• Input • Output
𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡)

𝑉𝑝𝑖𝑣
Check your understanding

Sketch the output VRL and determine the output level voltage for the
network in above figure if Vin = 10Vrms, 60Hz.
(a) With 1st approximation
(b) With 2nd approximation
 Solution
• Dik :
– 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 10vrms
– 𝑅𝐿 = 1KΩ
• Dit : nilai 𝑉𝑅𝐿 dan gambarkan outputnya,
untuk (a) 1st approximation dan (b) 2nd
approximation
 𝑉𝑝
• 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
√2
• Maka 𝑉𝑝 = √2𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 2. 10 = 14,14v
• (a)for 1st approximation
• 𝑉𝑝(𝑜𝑢𝑡) = 𝑉𝑝(𝑖𝑛) = 14,14𝑣
𝑉𝑝 14,14
• 𝑉𝐷𝐶 (𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) = = = 4,5𝑣
𝜋 𝜋
• (b)for 2nd approximation
V p ( out )  V p (in )  0.7V  14,14  0,7  13,44v
𝑉𝑝 13,44
• 𝑉𝐷𝐶 (𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) = = = 4,28𝑣
𝜋 𝜋
 Basic DC Power Supply
Power supply is a group of circuits that convert the standard ac
voltage (120 V, 60 Hz) provided by the wall outlet to constant dc
voltage.
The voltage produced is used to power all types of electronic circuits
including:
Consumer electronics (ex: radio, television, DVD, etc.)
Computers
Industrial controllers
Most laboratory instrumentation systems and equipment
The dc voltage level required depends on the application, but most
applications require relatively low voltage.
There are two basic types of power supplies: a linear power supply
and a switching power supply. These components are described as
follows:
1. A linear power supply is one that provides a constant current
path between its input and its load.
2. A switching power supply provides an intermittent current
path between its input and its output.
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 Basic DC Power Supply(cont.)
The basic function of a DC power supply is to convert an AC
voltage to a constant DC voltage (AC  DC) Maintains a constant dc
voltage
Eliminates the fluctuations
- produce smooth dc voltage

Either half or full-wave

rectifier convert ac input voltage
to a pulsating dc voltage.
(a) Complete power supply with transformer, rectifier, filter, and regulator

(b) Half-wave rectifier

15
Fig. 4-1: Block diagram of a dc power supply with a load and rectifier.
 Transformer
A transformer is a device that changes ac electric
power at one voltage level to ac electric power at
another voltage level through the action of a
magnetic field.
Simple transformer consist of: 
1. Primary winding (input winding)
2. Secondary winding (output winding)
3. Magnetic core
If the secondary has more winding than the
primary, the output voltage across the
secondary will be higher and the current will be
smaller. If the secondary has fewer winding
than the primary, the output voltage across the Fig.: The general arrangement of a
secondary will be lower and the current will be transformer
higher.
The core has a function to concentrate the
magnetic flux.
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 Transformer (cont.)
There are three types of transformers: step-up, step-down, and isolation.
These components are described as follows:
1. The step-up transformer provides a secondary voltage that is greater than
the primary voltage (N1<N2) . Ex: a step-up transformer may provides a
240 Vac output with a 120 Vac input.
2. The step-down transformer provides a secondary voltage that is less than
the primary voltage (N1>N2). Ex: a step-down transformer may provides a
30 Vac output with a 120 Vac input.
3. An isolation transformer provides an output voltage that is equal to the input
voltage (N1=N2). This type of transformer is used to isolate the power
supply electrically from the ac power line.
N N N N N N
+ P S
+ + P S
+ + P S
+
120 240 120 30 120 120
Vac Vac Vac Vac Vac Vac
- - - - - -
Step-up
Step-down Isolation
(a) (b) (c)
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Fig. Kinds of transformer
 Transformer (cont.)
The turns ratio of a transformer is equal to the voltage ratio of the
component and since, the voltage ratio is the inverse of the current ratio.
By formula:

N 2 V2 I1
  (2-1)
N1 V1 I 2
where
N2 = the number of turns in the secondary
N1 = the number of turns in the primary
V2 = the secondary voltage
V1 = the primary voltage
I2 = the secondary current
I1 = the primary current

By the equation (2-1) can be stated that:

Step-down transformer secondary current is greater than its primary
current
(ISec > IPri).
Step-up transformer secondary current is less than its primary current
(IPri > ISec).
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 Half Wave Rectifier with Transformer
• If primary winding acrossed by positive half cycle sine
wave, the secondary will too. And vice versa, so that
the diode can act as closed and open switch.

• If the secondary winding connected to ground, the

secondary voltage would be 180o out of phase with
the primary voltage.
 Turn ratio
𝑉1 𝑁1
• =
𝑉2 𝑁2
• Where :
𝑉1 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
• means
𝑉2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑁1 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
• means
𝑁2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
 Example
• What are the peak voltage and DC load
voltage from fig below. (use 1st and 2nd
approximation of diode)
5: 1

1KΩ
 Solution
• The transformer has a turns ratio of 5:1 (means
the rms secondary voltage is one of fifth of the
primary voltage)
120
• 𝑉2(𝑟𝑚𝑠) = = 24𝑣
5
• 𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 2 = 24 2 = 34𝑣
• If diode is ideal, 𝑉𝑅𝐿 = 𝑉𝑝 = 34𝑣
• So the DC load voltage is :
𝑉𝑝 34
𝑉𝐷𝐶 (𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) = = = 10,83𝑣
𝜋 𝜋
 Check Your Understanding
• Determine the peak voltage and DC load
voltage from fig below. (use 1st and 2nd
approximation of diode)
1: 2

1KΩ
 Full-wave Rectifier
• A full wave rectifier allows unidirectional
current through the load during the entire
360o of input cycle.
Full Wave Rectifier

𝑉𝐷𝐶 = 𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
2𝑉𝑝
volt
Tout  0.5(16.7ms)  8.33ms
𝜋
1 1
Frequency output : f out    120 Hz
Tout 8.33ms
1 1
Tin    16.7ms
f 60 Hz So that, f out  2 f in
The Center-Tapped Full wave rectifiers
• Equivalent to two half wave rectifier acts as
two back-to-back half wave rectifiers.
• Center Tap (CT) causes each of the rectifier
has an input voltage equal to half the
secondary voltage.
• 𝐷1 conducts on (+) half cycle and 𝐷2
conducts on (-) half cycle so that the
rectified load current flows during both half
cycle.
 The Center-Tapped Full wave
rectifiers(cont’)
• A center-tapped transformer is used with two diodes that conduct
on alternating half-cycles.

F D1
+ –
During the positive half-
+
Vin
I
Vout
cycle, the upper diode is
0
–
0
forward-biased and the
+ +
RL lower diode is reverse-
–
– biased.
– +
D2

F D1
– +

During the negative half- –

Vin Vout
cycle, the lower diode is +
0 0
forward-biased and the – +
RL
upper diode is reverse- + I –

biased. + –
D2
 The Center-Tapped Full wave
rectifiers(cont’)

(a) Circuit of CT FWR (b) (+) half cycle (c) (–) half cycle (d) output signal
 Check your understanding
• Calculate the peak input and output voltage

10 : 1
F D1
– +

–
Vin Vout
+
0 0
– +
RL
120Vrms –
+ I
60Hz
+ –
D2
 F
10 : 1 D1
– +

–
Vin Vout
+
0 0
– +
RL
I –
+
+ –
D2
Step Up
Vrms 129v
V p (1)    170v
0.707 0.707
Step Down
V p (1) 170v
V p (2)    17v
N1 / N 2 10
Only half the secondary

V p (in )  0.5(17V )  8.5v

V p (out )  8.5  0.7V )  7.8v