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Modulation
&
QAM
Basics
2
Modulation Binary Phase Shift Keying
(BPSK)
Change The Phase by 180
10
0 1
3
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
2 Bit Modulation Symbol
Change The Phase by 90°
10
11
01
10
00
00
4
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
Change The Phase by 90° & Amplitude
Change The Phase by 90
Change The Amplitude
0 0000
1
2
0001
0010
0001
0000
0011
0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
16 QAM Example (Has 4 bits) 7
8
0111
1000
9 1001
10 1010
11 1011
12 1100
13 1101
14 1110
15 1111
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16 QAM Constellation Diagram
Q
Amp Phase Data
1011 1001 0010 0011 25% 225 1100
75% 135 1001
Phase
25% 315 0100
75% 247 1110
1010 1000 0000 0001 I 25% 225 1100
75% 337 0110
25% 50% 75% 25% 225 1100
75% 225 1111
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Demystifying Modulation and Coding Scheme
MCS Index
MCS Index (n/ac)
(a/b/g/n)
MODULATION
GUARD
CODINGINTERVAL
RATETYPE
SPATIAL STREAMS
Modulation is the method by which data is communicated through the air. The more
The Guard Interval (GI) is effectively a very short pause between packet
This is an indication of how much of the data stream is actually being used
Using MiMo technology it is possible currently to run up to 4 spatial streams. Effectively
CHANNEL WIDTH
complex the modulation, the higher the data rate. More complex modulations
transmission to allow for any false information to be ignored. Longer Guard
to transmit usable data. This is expressed as a fraction with the most
it allows you to use the same area of frequency space to transmit and receive multiple
This is how much of the channel is being used, the maximum being 80MHz (ac). In
require better conditions such as less interference and a good line of sight.
Intervals make for more reliable wireless.
efficient rate being 5/6 or 83.3% of the data stream being used.
streams of data. Eventually with later revisions of 802.11ac, this will be increased to 8
the future with 802.11ac up to 160MHz will be possible. Different values can be
spatial streams.
used, and the throughput can be calculated by using the shown values as a
baseline. For example, a 10MHz channel will provide half the Data Rate of a
20MHz
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Return
8
Return
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Alan Talks Tech Modulation & QAM Basics
www.Spirent.com
YouTube “alantalkstech”
http://alantestwiki.pbworks.com
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