MANAGING DATA RESOURCES

TERMS
 Bit - represents the smallest unit of data a
computer can handle
 Byte – group of bits, represent a single character (
number, letter, symbol etc)
 Field – grouping of characters into a word, group
of words, numbers etc..
 Record – group of related fields, such as student’s
name,course taken, date etc..
 File – group of records of the same type
 Database – group of related files
TERMS (CONTD.)
 Entity – a person, place, thing or event on which
we store and maintain information

 Attribute – the characteristic or quality describing

a particular entity
PROBLEMS WITH TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT

 Data redundancy & inconsistency

 Program data dependence
 Refers to the coupling of data stored in files
and the specific programs required to update &
maintain those files such that changes in
programs require changes to the data
 Lack of flexibility
 Poor security

 Lack of data sharing & availability

DBMS
 The software that permits an organisation to
centralize data, manage them efficiently &
provide access to the stored data by application
programs

 Acts as an interface between application programs

& physical data files
VIEWS
 Logical view
 Presents data as they would be perceived by end
users/ business specialists

 Physical view
 Shows how data are actually organized and structured
on physical storage media
Employees :Name
Address Personal
ID Application
programs Personnel
Designation
Dept
Marital status

Payroll Payroll
Hours worked Application
Payroll
Pay rate DBMS programs
Dept
Gross pay
Tax
Net pay
Benefits
Benefits Application Benefits
Life insurance programs Dept
Pension plan
Health care
Retirement
COMPONENTS
 DDL
 Formal language programmers use to specify the
structure or the content of the database
 DML
 To manipulate data. Contains commands that
permit end users and programming specialists to
extract data from database to satisfy information
requests and develop applications
 Data dictionary
 A file that stores definitions of data elements &
data characteristics such as usage, physical
representation, security etc.
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL)

 Specification notation for defining the database

schema
 E.g.
create table account (
account-number char(10),
balance integer)
 DROP

 DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a

data dictionary
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE (DML)

 Language for accessing and manipulating the data

organized by the appropriate data model
 Used to add, change, delete and retrieve data in the
database
 SQL is the most widely used query language

 Eg: Select, insert, update, delete

Sample data dictionary
TYPES OF DATA MODELS
 Hierarchical and Network DBMS
 Relational DBMS (RDBMS)

 Object oriented Databases

HIERARCHICAL DBMS
 In the Hierarchical Model, different records are
inter-related through hierarchical or tree-like
structures.
 The relationship between the files or records form
a hierarchy
 Typical for representing one–to-many relationships
NETWORK DBMS
 In the Network Model, a parent can have several
children and a child can also have many parent
records.
 Records are physically linked through linked-lists
 Sales
Customer
Representative

Product Invoice Payment

Invoice-line

Example of implementing network model for a

sales organisation
RELATIONAL DBMS

 Represent data as two dimensional tables ( called

relations)
 Tables may be referred to as files
 Rows are commonly referred to as records or tuples
 A key field called as Primary Key is the unique
identifier for all the information in any row of the
table
 Primary key cannot be duplicated
 When the primary key of a table appears in another
table, it is called a Foreign key.
 Attributes
RELATIONAL MODEL
customer- customer- customer- account-
Customer-
name street city number
id
192-83-7465 Johnson
Alma Palo Alto A-101
019-28-3746 Smith
North Rye A-215
192-83-7465 Johnson
Alma Palo Alto A-201
321-12-3123 Jones
Main Harrison A-217
019-28-3746 Smith
North Rye A-201
A SAMPLE RELATIONAL DATABASE
OBJECT ORIENTED DBMS
 Represent an entity and a class
 Class represents both object attributes and
behavior of entity
 Stores the data and procedures that act on those
data as objects that can be automatically
retrieved and shared
 Can be used to manage the various multimedia
components, in web applications etc.
DISTRIBUTING DATABASES
 A distributed database is a database in which
not all storage devices are attached to a
common processor
 It may be stored in multiple computers, located in
the same physical location; or may be dispersed
over a network of interconnected computers.

 2 methods
 Partitioned database
 Replicate database
STEPS IN DESIGNING A DATABASE
 Determine the purpose of the database
 Determine the tables needed by the organisation
in the database
 Determine the fields needed in the tables

 Identify the primary unique keys

 Determine the relationships between tables

E-R MODEL
 The entity-relationship (E-R) model
perceives the real world as consisting of
basic objects, called entities, and
relationships among these objects.

A relationship is an association among

several entities
E-R DIAGRAMS

 Rectangles represent entity sets.

 Diamonds represent relationship sets.
 Lines link attributes to entity sets and entity sets to relationship sets.
 Ellipses represent attributes
 Underline indicates primary key attributes
ACTORS ON THE DBMS SCENE

 Data administrator (DA)

 Database administrator (DBA)
 Database designers
 Casual end users
 Application programmers
DATA WAREHOUSE
 A database that stores current & historic data of
potential interest to managers throughout the
company
 A data warehouse is the main repository of an
organization's historical data, its corporate
memory. It contains the raw material for
management's decision support system.
Operational
data

Historical
data

Operational Extract
data Data
& Warehouse
Transform
External
data •Queries
•Reports
External
•OLAP
data
•Data mining
 Internal OLAP
SCM
Data queries

Data
Marts CRM
Data
External warehouse
Data

Strategy
Data
Metadata Marts Data
Personal Mining
Others
Data
DATA MART
 A subset of data warehouse in which a summarized
or highly focused portion of the organization’s
data is placed in a separate database for a
specific population of users.
DATA MINING
 Discovering hidden value in your data
warehouse
 Data mining, the extraction of hidden
predictive information from large
databases, is a powerful new technology
with great potential to help companies
focus on the most important information
in their data warehouses.
 Data mining tools predict future trends
and behaviors, allowing businesses to
make proactive, knowledge-driven
decisions.