Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Gaurav Chaudhari(15CH007)
Prajakta Nanote(15CH035)
Guide- Prof. P S Tadkar
CONTENT
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Application
3. Literature Survey
4. Process
5. Extraction of oil
6. Separation of oil
7. Acid value calculation
8. Transesterification Reaction
References
ABSTRACT
The current fossil fuel problem is its high demand and eventually it will
lead to depletion of fossil fuel and can have adverse effect on human life
which led to discovery of alternative energy sources. Biodiesel has gained
much attention in recent years due to its eco-friendly nature , nontoxic
characteristics and lower net carbon emission than conventional fossil
fuels. Some selective plants such as Jatropha, Pongamia and few species
of microalgae are being considered as alternative resources of fuels.
Microalgae have the ability to lessen CO2 emission and produce oil with a
high productivity, thereby having the potential for applications in
producing the biofuels. Other potential applications and products from
microalgae are also presented such as for biological sequestration of CO2,
wastewater treatment, in human health, as food additive.
This study is divided in to two parts. First part examines the principles
involved in oil extraction from microalgal cells, a crucial processing step in
the production of microalgal biodiesel. For extraction of oil from algae we
have used Soxhlet extraction method. Second part is about development
of efficient technology for production of Biodiesel from the extracted
microalgae oil by transesterification.
INTRODUCTION
What is Biofuels?
Biofuels are liquid fuels that have been developed from other materials
such as plant and animal waste matter.
Advantages of Biodiesel-
Clean burning fuel and has no carcinogenic emissions and gases which
cause global warming.
Feedstock is green, produced and distributed locally.
Glycerin is byproduct.
Has higher cetane number compared to petroleum diesel.
Resources of Biodiesel
Some important resources of biodiesel are
Jatropha
Waste vegetable oil
Waste industrial greases
Animal fats
Microalgae
APPLICATIONS
For road diesel
Biodiesel train- British Train Operating Company
Jet flights using biodiesel
Heating fuel in domestic and commercial boilers
Cleaning oil spills
Biodiesel in generators
LITERATURE SURVEY
One of the most recent break through has been biodiesel production from
microalgae.
Microalgae are microscopic photosynthetic organisms that are found in
both marine and fresh water environments.
Microalgae are organisms which efficiently convert solar energy into
biomass.
Studies have shown that some species of algae can produce 60% or more of
their dry weight in the form of oil which make them best feedstock for
biodiesel.
WHY MICROALGAE?
Biodiesel can be produced by any organic sources of oil like waste oil,
animal fat and seed oils.
Waste oils supply is limited hence it is not a feasible feedstock
Microalgae have high growth rate as well as population density.
Microalgae has very simple media requirement for its growth.
Microalgae also have high (>50%) lipid content.
Soybean 446
Jatropha 1892
Palm 5950
Castor 1413
Algae 100000
Oil content of various microalgal species
In 2010 Michael Hannon and Javier Gimpel carried out study about oil
content of selected microalgae
Kingdom Plantae
Division Clorophyta
Class Terbouxiophyceae
Order Chlorllales
Family Oocystaceae
Genus Chlorella
Species Chlorella Vulgaris
PROCESS
Objectives
1. To isolate and culture Chlorella Vulgaris.
2. To extract the algal oil from dried biomass.
3. Transesterification of extracted algal oil to get biodiesel.
METHODOLOGY
1. Algae Culture and Harvesting
Culture
Algae cultivation can be done in open pond system, raceway pond and
photobioreactors.
Open Pond system is cheaper method.
Microalgae Dewatering
Dewatering of microalgae can be done by following process
1. Flocculation Process
2. Filtration
3. Centrifugation
2. Extraction of oil
Dewatered biomass has to be dried and grounded to fine powder.
It is then subjected to extraction using solvent like hexane, ethanol or
chloroform.
For extraction Soxhlet apparatus is used.
3. Transesterification
Algal oil is then subjected to mediated transesterification reaction using
suitable catalyst.
Resulting products will be analyzed.
Transesterification reaction
EXTRACTION OF OIL
Method
Oil was extracted using Soxhlet methodologies.
Grinded biomass was placed in the Soxhlet.
Suitable volume of the hexane solvent was placed in the round
flask and was boiled using heating mantle.
Extraction was carried out for two different ratios of solvent to
biomass.
Cold water is circulated through condenser.
Visual observation was used for extraction terminal, when the
drained solvent became very clear and colorless; this indicated
that all oil in microalgae was completely extracted in the solvent.
SOXHLET EXTRACTION SETUP
SELECTION OF SOLVENT
The conventional technology use hexane for oil extraction from oil
seed.
Why hexane as solvent?
It attributes a simple recovery process
Non-polar nature
Low latent heat of vaporization(330KJ/Kg)
SEPARATION OF OIL AND SOLVENT
After complete oil extraction from biomass, simple distillation was
conducted for solvent recovery and oil purification.
A conical flask containing oil and hexane mixture is place in
water bath and temperature kept constant at 65°C.
EXTRACTED OIL
ACID VALUE
The acid value is number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide
required to neutralize the free fatty acid present in one gram of
oil.
Oil with higher acid value is suitable for biodiesel production.