Assignment 2

MKPP 1413
DRILLING ENGINEERING &
WELL COMPLETION

Associate professor DR. OSAMAN FARAG MOHAMED OSMAN

• Ahmad Arsyad BIN Abdullah - MKP181008

• KHAYITBOEV AZIZBEK SULAYMONOVICH -MKP 181001
• Ainulafrina Alya Binti Md Ghazali -MKP171009
• Eougen
• ZAINULABDEEN SALAH HASAN -MKP171029
 Question 1

Ahmad Arsyad BIN Abdullah - MKP181008

 A. Purpose of Subsurface Equipment
• Surface control subsurface safety valve (SCSSV)

Primary • Emergency control device

Purpose • Reduce personnel losses

Secondary • For downhole flow control

Purpose • Acts as a secondary barrier
 Purpose of Subsurface Equipment
• Production Packers

- Protects casing
- Isolate multiple
- Provide a seal from pressure and
production zones
produced fluids

- Reduce pressure - Permits the use

surging and - Hold kill fluids of artificial lift
heading method
 Purpose of Subsurface Equipment
• Flow Couplings
- Protect from internal erosion
 Purpose of Subsurface Equipment
• Blast Joint
- Protect from external erosion
 Purpose of Subsurface Equipment

• Landing Nipples
-To provide receptacle to locate, lock and seal subsurface
flow control equipment
 Purpose of Subsurface Equipment
• Sliding Sleeve

- To enable
- Equalize tubing
communication
and annulus
between tubing
pressure
and annulus
 Purpose of Subsurface Equipment
• Side Pocket Gas Lift Mandrel
- To install the gas lift valve for artificial lift purposes.
 Purpose of Subsurface Equipment
• Telescopic Swivel Joint
- Allows tubing to move or travel while maintaining pressure integrity
 B. IPR and TPC
1. Using Vogel Equation, solve for IPR

𝑞 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑃𝑤𝑓 2
= 1 − 0.2 − 0.8 ( )
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑃 𝑃

𝑞
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃𝑤𝑓 𝑃𝑤𝑓
1−0.2 −0.8 ( 𝑃 )2
𝑃

600
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1200 1200
1−0.2 1700 −0.8 (1700)2

qmax = 1304.35 stb/d

 IPR and TPC
PWF (PSIG) PWF/PRES Q/QMAX Q (STB/D)
0 0.00 1.00 1304.35
100 0.06 0.99 1285.39
200 0.12 0.97 1259.22
300 0.18 0.94 1225.82
400 0.24 0.91 1185.20
500 0.29 0.87 1137.36
600 0.35 0.83 1082.29
700 0.41 0.78 1020.01
800 0.47 0.73 950.51
900 0.53 0.67 873.78
1000 0.59 0.61 789.83
1100 0.65 0.54 698.66
1200 0.71 0.46 600.27
1300 0.76 0.38 494.66
1400 0.82 0.29 381.83
1500 0.88 0.20 261.77
1600 0.94 0.10 134.50
1700 1.00 0.00 0.00
 IPR and TPC
2. Calculate and plot tubing intake curve

Flowing Bottomhole
Prod Rate (stb/d) Pressure (psig)
2 in
200 1480
400 1620
600 1640
800 1700
 IPR and TPC
3. Production rate
Production rate can be determined from the intersection of IPR and TPC.
Hence, based on the graph plotted, the production rate is 250 stb/d.
 Assignment 2
Question 3
Name : Ainulafrina Alya Binti Md Ghazali
MKP171009
• Calculate:

i) Amount of cement sacks required:

Total Vcement = Vcem in annulus b/w Open Hole & 95/8” ----------- (1)
+ Vcem in annulus b/w 133/8” & 95/8” ----------- (2)
+ Vcem in the shoe track ----------- (3)

Vcement = annular capacity x cement length of each section

(12.25" − 9.625")
Vcement = 1029.4
x (4950ft – 1700ft) = 181.29 bbl

(12.615" − 9.625")
Vcement = x (300ft) = 19.38 bbl
1029.4
(8.921")
Vcement = 1029.4 x (42ft) = 3.24 bbl
Total Vcement = 203.91 bbl
≈ 8564.22 gallons
 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Cement Density = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑦

94+ 0.25𝑥94 + 0.013𝑥0.0974 +(8.33𝑘)

13.5 ppg = 1.23 𝑙𝑏/𝑐𝑢𝑓𝑡

117.5+8.33𝑘
= k = 15.73 gal/sacks
0.16443+𝑘

Yield of Cement = 0.16443 + k

= 15.89 gal/sacks
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Total sack of cement = 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

8564.22
= = 538.97 ≈ 540 sacks
15.89
i) Total volume of water required (bbl):
Total Vwater = water requirement (k) x total sacks of cement
= 15.73 x 540
= 8494.2 gallons ≈ 202.2 bbl
No of sacks of additive and total weight of additive required (lb):

No of sacks of additive = No of sacks x % additive

= 540 x (0.013 FLAC)
= 7.02 ≈ 7 sacks of additive

Total weight of additive = No of sacks additive x 94 lbs

=7 x 94
= 658 lb
Assignment 2
Question 11
Name : Zainulabdeen salah hasan
MKP
 Abnormal Pore pressure
• Pore pressures which are found to lie above or below the “normal” pore
pressure gradient line are called abnormal pore pressures. These formation
pressures may be either Subnormal (i.e. less than 0.465 psi/ft) or Over-
pressured (i.e. greater than 0.465 psi/ft)
 Causes of over-pressure
• (a) Incomplete sediment compaction or under compaction
• (b) Faulting
• (c) Massive Rock Salt Deposition
• (d) Phase Changes during Compaction
• (e) Re-pressuring from Deeper Levels
• (f) Generation of Hydrocarbons
• (g) Differential Density Effects
 The limitation of the d-exponent for
identifying over-pressured zones
• It can only be used to calculate pore pressure in clean shale or clean argillaceous
limestones
• The dc exponent “normalize” ROP for WOB , RPM , Hole size and Mud weight
increases or decreases
• The correction for mud weight increase is inaccurate . Large increases in mud
weight causes lower values of dc and the trendline values have to be adjusted or
incorrectly high value of pore pressure will result
• Dc exponent values will be affected by lithology , poor hydraulics , type of bit , bit
wear , motor or turbine runs and unconformities in the formation .
 Identify over-pressure zone

Modified d-exponent (dc) :

It can be seen that the d-exponent equation takes no
account of mud-weight. Since mud weight determines
the pressure on the bottom of the hole the greater the
mud weight the greater the chip hold-down effect,
and therefore the lower the ROP. A modified d-
exponent (dc) which accounts for variations in mud-
weight has therefore been derive
( An over pressured zone will therefore be identified
by plotting d-exponent against depth, and seeing
where the d-exponent reduces )
 Given data and results
depth (ft) modified d- exponent
8100 1.52
9000 1.55
9600 1.57
10100 1.49
10400 1.58
10700 1.6
10900 1.61
11100 1.57
11300 1.64
11500 1.48
11600 1.61
11800 1.54
12100 1.58
12200 1.67
12300 1.41 top of the transition zone
12700 1.27
12900 1.18
13000 1.13
13200 1.22
13400 1.12
13500 1.12
13600 1.07
13700 1
13800 0.98
13900 1
14000 0.91
14200 0.93
14400 0.86
14600 0.8
14800 0.86
14900 0.8
15000 0.9
15200 0.82
15300 0.87
15400 0.92
15500 0.87
15700 0.8
16200 0.8
16800 0.65
 Using Eaton equation to estimate the
formation pressure gradient
The d exponent is generally used to simply identify the top of Depth =16000 ft
the over pressured zone. The value of the formation pressure Normal formation pressure gradient of
can however be derived from the modified d-exponent, using a 0.465 psi/ft
method proposed by Eaton (1976): Overburden gradient of 1 psi/ft
Normal mud weight for this area of 9.5
ppg

P/D@(16000 ft )=1-(1-0.465)*(0.82/1.2)^1.2
=0.756
P@16000 = 0.756 *16000 = 12,096 PSI
Assignment 2
Question 12
Name : Eugene
MKP
A. List down and discuss four functions of drilling fluid

i) Remove drill cuttings from hole

The removal of cuttings depends on the viscous property (yield point), which influences the carrying capacity
of the mud (gel) that helps to suspend the cuttings even when the mud is static. The flow rate also plays a vital
role in the process.

i) Control of subsurface Pressure

The mud provides a hydrostatic pressure, greater than the formation pressure. This is done by monitoring the
mud weight and adding solids to the fluids which intend, increase the density in the continuous phase.

i) Prevent the walls of the hole from caving

This property is achieved by the formation of a stable mud cake on the walls of the wellbore which serve as a
plaster to prevent it from flaking.

i) Suspend cuttings when circulation stops

The gelatinous property of fluids achieved by the addition of gels with low shear viscosity help suspend
cuttings when fluid is static.
B. Explain three advantages of oil-based drilling fluid used in drilling fluid

i) Shale Stability
Oil based muds are used in shales and water sensitive zones, owing to the fact that
shale doesn’t hydrate or swell in oil, likewise fresh zones.

i) Used in High angled horizontal wells

Due to their superior lubrication properties and low friction values between the steel
and formation which will in turn, result in reduced torque and drag.

i) Cost effectiveness (Invert Emulsion Fluid)

In the following situations; Shale stability, temperature stability, lubricity, corrosion
resistance, stuck pipe prevention, contamination and production protection.
C. Briefly discuss 6 parameters that need to be avoided in order to formulate good mud

i) Lost Circulation
The mud must not filter into the formation and this can be avoided by using an appropriate mud weight.

i) Influx of Formation fluids

Flow of formation fluid into the well (kick) which can lead to blowout, is controlled by monitoring the hydrostatic pressure of the mud to balance
the geostatic pressure of the formation by using a mud of an appropriate weight.

i) Damage to Drilled Formation

The salinity and water saturation of a zone must be monitored and evaluated before formulating the mud so as to have enough information on the
type of mud to be used.

i) Reduce the penetration rate of bit

The mud must not act as an inhibitor to the penetration rate of the bit. Using mud of appropriate weight, can be best to solve this problem.

i) Hole erosion
Wellbore stability is provided by the inhibition character of the of the mud and good care must be taken in order to avoid such circumstances.
Choosing a good mud is a good solution to this problem.

i) Pipe sticking
Too heavy of a mud can cause the pipe to be stuck in the well and knowing what proportion and type of solid to be used in increasing mud weight
for a particular zone and well, can help avoid this phenomenon.
A. The weight and volume of one sack of Galena (SG = 7.4) are 100 lb and 0.0386 bbl,
respectively. If the density of water is 8.33ppg, show that:

𝟐𝟔𝑽𝒊 (𝝆𝒇− 𝝆𝒊)

Sg =
𝟔𝟏.𝟔𝟒− 𝝆𝒇

𝜌𝑔
SG = 𝜌 𝑤 ρg = SG x ρw
= 8.33 x 7.4 = 61.64 ppg

Sg x (Wg – Wf) = (Wf – Wi)

(W f – W i)
Sg = (W g – W f) from w = ρV

(ρfVi − ρiV i)
Sg = (ρgV g− ρfV f)

Assume that Vg = Vf since it’s dilution

Vi (ρf− ρi) Vi (ρf− ρi)
Sg = Sg =
V g(ρg− ρf) 0.0386 (61.64− ρf)

𝑉𝑖 1
0.0386
= 0.0386 𝑉𝑖 = 25.9 Vi ≈ 26 Vi

Proven:

𝟐𝟔𝑽𝒊 (𝝆𝒇− 𝝆𝒊)

Sg =
𝟔𝟏.𝟔𝟒− 𝝆𝒇
 Question #8

KHAYITBOEV AZIZBEK SULAYMONOVICH

MKP 181001
 Question #8
• An increase in mud pit level indicates the possibility of kick whilst drilling a
vertical well.
• The well is then shut in and the following information was recorded:
 Surface readings
Shut in drill pipe pressure (SIDPP) 500 psi
Shut in casing pressure (SICP) 600 psi
Pit gain 30 bbls
Original mud weight 10 ppg
 Hole / Drill string data:
𝟏
Bit size 𝟏𝟐 𝒊𝒏.
𝟒
Total depth 10,000 ft
3
Previous casing shoe 4,000 ft., 13 𝑖𝑛. (12.425 in. ID), 68 lb/ft
8
Drill collar 800 ft., 8 in. (3.5 in. ID)
1
Drill pipe 4 𝑖𝑛. (3.826 in. ID), 16.60 lb/ft
2
 By using Driller Method to circulate the influx
out of the hole, determine:
• a) The bottomhole pressure
• b) Height of the kick fluid at bottomhole
• c) Density of the kick fluid
• d) Type of the kick fluid
• e) Height of the kick fluid at surface
•
 Solution
• 1. Bottomhole pressure
• 𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 𝑆𝐼𝐷𝑃𝑃 + 𝑃ℎ
• 𝑆𝐼𝐷𝑃𝑃 − 𝑆ℎ𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
• 𝑃ℎ − 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
• 𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 500 + 0.052 ∙ 10.0 ∙ 10.000 = 5700 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔
 2. Calculate pressure at casing seat
• 𝑃4,000 = 𝑃0 + ∆𝑃ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟.𝑎𝑛𝑛.0−4,000
• 𝑃4,000 = 𝑆𝐼𝐶𝑃 + 0.052 ∙ 10 ∙ 4000
• 𝑃4,000 = 600 + 2080 = 2680 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔
 3. Calculate equivalent mud weight
• This corresponds to a pressure gradient of
2680 𝑝𝑠𝑖
• 4000 𝑓𝑡
= 0.670 𝑝𝑠𝑖/𝑓𝑡

• Equivalent mud weight

0.670 𝑝𝑠𝑖/𝑓𝑡
• 𝐸𝑊𝑀 = 0.052 (𝑝𝑠𝑖/𝑓𝑡)(𝑙𝑏/𝑔𝑎𝑙) = 12.88 𝑙𝑏/𝑔𝑎𝑙
• 𝜌𝑚𝑢𝑑 = 10.0 𝑙𝑏/𝑔𝑎𝑙
 4. Calculate height of kick
• Annular capacity per ft of hole
𝜋
• 𝑉𝑥 = 4 (𝐷𝐻 2 − 𝐷𝑃 2 )𝐿
𝜋 𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑏𝑙
• 𝑉𝑥 = 4 12.4152 − 4.52 ∙ 12 𝑖𝑛3 231 𝑖𝑛3 42 𝑔𝑎𝑙 = 0.130056714 𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑠/𝑓𝑡
• Height of kick at bottomhole
𝑉 30 𝑏𝑏𝑙
• ℎ𝑏 = 𝑉𝑏 = 0.130056714 𝑏𝑏𝑙/𝑓𝑡 = 230.6685 𝑓𝑡
𝑥

• ℎ𝑏 = 231 𝑓𝑡
 5. Calculate the density of kick fluid
• The bottom hole pressure is the pressure at the surface plus the total hydrostatic pressure between the surface and
the bottom
• Annulus 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑆𝐼𝐶𝑃 + ∆𝑃𝑀𝐴 + ∆𝑃𝐾𝐵
• 𝑃𝐵 = 600 + 0.052 ∙ 10 ∙ (10,000 − 231) + ∆𝑃𝐾𝐵
• Drill string 𝑃𝐵 = 𝑆𝐼𝐷𝑃𝑃 + ∆𝑃𝑀𝐷
• 𝑃𝐵 = 500 + 0.052 ∙ 10 ∙ (10,000)
• 600 + 5,080 + ∆𝑃𝐾𝐵 = 500 + 5,200
• ∆𝑃𝐾𝐵 = 20 𝑝𝑠𝑖
20
• 𝜌𝐾𝐵 = 0.052∙231 ≈ 1.67 𝑙𝑏/𝑔𝑎𝑙
20
• Kick fluid gradient = 231 = 0.0866 𝑝𝑠𝑖/𝑓𝑡
 6. Height of the kick fluid at surface
• As the kick fluid moves up the annulus, it expands. If the expansion follows the gas
law, then
𝑃0 𝑉0 𝑃𝐵 𝑉𝐵
• 𝑧0 𝑛0 𝑅𝑇0
=
𝑧𝐵 𝑛𝐵 𝑅𝑇𝐵

• Ignoring changes due to compressibility factor (Z) and temperature, we get:

• 𝑃0 𝑉0 = 𝑃𝐵 𝑉𝐵
• 𝑃0 𝑉0 ℎ0 = 𝑃𝐵 𝑉𝐵 ℎ𝐵
• (𝑉0 = 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡. )
• We have two unknowns: 𝑃𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ0 . We have one equation, and need a second one
• 𝐵𝐻𝑃 = 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
• 5,700 = 𝑃0 + ΔP𝐾𝑂 + Δ𝑃𝑀𝐴
• 5,700 = 𝑃0 + 20 + 0.052 ∙ 10 ∙ (10,000 − ℎ0 )
𝑃𝐵 ℎ𝐵
• 5,700 − 20 − 5,200 = 𝑃0 + 0.52 ∙ 𝑃0

• 480𝑃0 = 𝑃0 2 − 0.52 ∙ 5700 ∙ 231

• And then we have the following equation
• 𝑃0 2 − 480𝑃0 − 684684 = 0
480± 4802 +4∙1∙684684
• 𝑃0 = 2∙1
480±1723.118
• 𝑃0 = 2∙1

• 𝑃0 (1) = 1101.55
• 𝑃0 2 = −621.55
• Now we have 2 pressure and we take the second one
 7. Height of kick at surface
𝑃𝐵 ℎ𝐵 5700∙231 1316700
• ℎ0 = 𝑃0
=
1102
=
1102
= 1194.82

• ℎ0 = 1195 𝑓𝑡
 Answer
• Answers:
• a) The bottomhole pressure 𝑃𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 5700 𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑔
• b) Height of the kick fluid at bottomhole ℎ𝑏 = 231 𝑓𝑡
• c) Density of the kick fluid 𝜌𝐾𝐵 ≈ 1.67 𝑙𝑏/𝑔𝑎𝑙
• d) Type of the kick fluid – Gas
• e) Height of the kick fluid at surface ℎ0 = 1195 𝑓𝑡