Prepared By: Riva, Andrei Xavier A.

Design Procedure for Connections using

LRFD
1. Determine the ultimate load applied to the member.

𝑃𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿
2. Determine the Minimum Gross Area, Ag and Minimum
Net Area, An using the equation for tension yielding and
rupture.

𝑃𝑢 = 0.9𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 (Yielding)

𝑃𝑢 = 0.75𝐹𝑈 𝐴𝑒 (Rupture)
Deriving Ag and An from the equation…

𝑃𝑢 𝑃𝑢
𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝐴𝑔 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝐴𝑛 =
0.9𝐹𝑦 0.75𝐹𝑢 𝑈
3. Choose from the Min. Ag and Min. An whichever is
the smallest and it will be the basis for the TRIAL
SECTIONS with respect to its Net Area.
4. Select a section having a net area greater than the Min.
Net Area obtained from step 2. Select the smallest net area
among the safe trial sections and its corresponding section
will govern.
5. Determine the tensile capacity of the governing section
by the tension yielding and rupture formula:

T = 0.9𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 (Yielding)

T = 0.75𝐹𝑈 𝐴𝑒 (Rupture)
6. Check each tensile capacity (yielding and rupture) that
should be greater than the 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 , otherwise select the
next governing section.

T = 0.9𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑔 > 𝑃𝑢

T = 0.75𝐹𝑈 𝐴𝑒 > 𝑃𝑢

Therefore, SAFE
7. Check for the slenderness ratio. Determine the minimum
radius of gyration. The ratio should not be greater than 300.
Otherwise select the next governing section.

𝐿
< 300
𝑟𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑧
Therefore, ADEQUATE
Whichever is the smallest value
Design Procedure for Beams using
LRFD
1. Compute for the total load, 𝑊𝑢 :

𝑊𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿

and compute for the ultimate moment, 𝑀𝑢

2. Assume the section to be compact that gives the
flexural stress value to be

𝐹𝑏 = 0.66𝐹𝑦
3. Determine the minimum section modulus,
𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑆𝑥 from the flexure formula:

𝑀 𝑀
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑆𝑥 =
𝑆𝑥 𝐹𝑏
4. Try sections with higher section modulus than the
minimum section modulus solved from step 3.
5. Compute for the total load of the selected section.
(Adding the nominal weight of the section to the
dead load).
6. Compute for the moment of the section

2
𝑊𝑢 𝐿
𝑀𝑢 =
8
And its section modulus using the ultimate loads

𝑀𝑢
𝑆𝑥 =
𝐹𝑏
7. The computed 𝑆𝑥 should be less than the section’s
section modulus, otherwise select for the next
governing section.
8. Check for Adequacy:
Φ𝑀𝑛 = Φ𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥
Φ𝑀𝑛 > 𝑀𝑢
Plastic Modulus
Therefore, ADEQUATE
Steel Yield Stress

Reduction Factor:
LRFD: Φ=0.9
9. Check for Compactness:
For Flange:
𝑏𝑓 170
< Therefore, COMPACT
2𝑡𝑓 𝐹𝑦

For Web:
𝑑 1680
< Therefore, COMPACT
𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦