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Presentation
Prepared by:
Redbutts
Educational
System
(education)
G rading in education is
the process of applying
standardized
measurements of varying
levels of achievement in a
course.
G rades can be assigned in letters
(for example, A, B, C, D, or F), as
a range (for example 1 to 6), as a
percentage of a total number
correct, as a number out of a
possible total (for example out of
20 or 100), or as descriptors
(excellent, great, satisfactory,
needs improvement).
In some countries, all grades
from all current classes
are averaged to create
a grade point
average (GPA) for the
marking period. The GPA is
calculated by taking the
number of grade points a
student earned in a given
period of time divided by the
total number of credits taken.
The GPA can be used by potential
employers or educational
institutions to assess and compare
applicants. A Cumulative Grade
Point Average is a calculation of
the average of all of a student's
grades for all courses completed
so far.
History
of
grading
Yale University historian George
W. Pierson writes "According to
tradition the first grades issued at
Yale (and possibly the first in the
country) were given out in the
year 1785, when President Ezra
Stiles, after examining 58
Seniors, recorded in his diary that
there were 'Twenty Optimi,
sixteen second Optimi,
twelve Inferiores (Boni),
ten Pejores.'"
Keith Hoskin argues that the
concept of grading students' work
quantitatively was developed by a
tutor named William Farish and
first implemented by
the University of Cambridge in
1792.
Hoskin's assertion has been questioned by
Christopher Stray, who finds the evidence
for Farish as the inventor of the numerical
mark to be unpersuasive. Stray's article
elucidates the complex relationship
between the mode of examination
(testing), in this case oral or written, and
the varying philosophies of education these
modes imply, both to teacher and student.
As a technology, grading both shapes and
reflects many fundamental areas of
educational theory and practice.
International grading systems
-- Redbutts
The
End