LECTURE NOTES

Hydrology
CE 410
Engr. Alvin N. Deliro
Instructor
Course Description
The course deals with the topics on water
resources and losses; evaporation and
infiltration effects on stream flow;
hydrographs; precipitation, flood frequency,
reservoirs, flood protection, water
conservation, water supply management
and recent technologies. The course
describes the details in designing ground
water wells and irrigation systems.
Course Objective
The course aims to develop the student’s
ability to demonstrate specialized
engineering knowledge in water
engineering and hydrology and apply
these knowledge in providing solutions to
actual problems which pertains to water
resource management as well as
wastewater and environmental engineering
Introduction to Hydrology

Hydrology
- It is the science that deals with the
occurrence, circulation and distribution of
water of the earth and earth’s atmosphere.
- The science of water.
Introduction to Hydrology
Applications/Uses of Engineering
Hydrology:
1. Hydrology is used to find out maximum
probable flood at proposed sites e.g. Dams.
2.The variation of water production from
catchments can be calculated and described by
hydrology.
3.Engineering hydrology enables us to find out
the relationship between a catchment's surface
water and groundwater resource
Introduction to Hydrology

The History of
Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology

3000 BC- ground water development

through wells was known to people of
Indus Valley

4000 BC- A dam was built across the

Nile river
Introduction to Hydrology

Application/ Uses of
Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology
Applications/Uses of Engineering
Hydrology:
4.The expected flood flows over a spillway, at a
highway Culvert, or in an urban storm drainage
system can be known by this very subject
5. Determining the water balance of a region.
6. Determining the agricultural water balance.
7. Mitigating and predicting flood, landslide and
drought risk.
8. Real-time flood forecasting and flood warning.
Introduction to Hydrology
Applications/Uses of Engineering
Hydrology:
4.The expected flood flows over a spillway, at a
highway Culvert, or in an urban storm drainage
system can be known by this very subject
5. Determining the water balance of a region.
6. Determining the agricultural water balance.
7. Mitigating and predicting flood, landslide and
drought risk.
8. Real-time flood forecasting and flood warning.
9. In Designing irrigation schemes and managing
agricultural productivity.
9. Designing riparian restoration projects relating to
wetlands adjacent to rivers and streams.
9. Part of the hazard module in catastrophe
modeling
10. Designing Bridges
10. Designing dams for water supply or
hydroelectric power generation.
11. Designing sewers and urban drainage system.
12. Providing drinking water.
13. Analyzing the impacts of antecedent moisture on
sanitary sewer systems.
14. Predicting geomorphologic changes, such as
erosion or sedimentation.
15. Assessing the impacts of natural and
anthropogenic environmental change on water
resources.
16. Assessing contaminant transport risk and
establishing environmental policy guideline
In Engineering Hydrology we apply scientific
knowledge and mathematical principles to
solve water-related problems in society:
problems of quantity, quality and availability.
Mathematical models of all Hydrological
phenomena are made.
Introduction to Hydrology

Hydrologic Cycle
Describes the continuous movement of water
on, above and below the surface of the Earth.
The water moves from one reservoir to another.
The water cycle involves the exchange of
energy, which leads to temperature changes.
The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies
water which then replenishes the land with
freshwater.
Introduction to Hydrology

The Process of
Hydrological Cycle
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology

Physical Processes
1. Evaporation
- The transformation of water from liquid to
gas phases as it moves from the ground or
bodies of water into the overlying
atmosphere.
Evapotranspiration- is the sum of
evaporation and plant transpiration from
the Earth's land and ocean surface to the
atmosphere.
Introduction to Hydrology

Physical Processes
2. Condensation
- The transformation of water vapor to
liquid water droplets in the air, creating
clouds and fog.
Introduction to Hydrology

Physical Processes
3. Precipitation
– Condensed water vapor that falls to
the Earth’s surface. Rain, snow, hail,
fog, drip etc.
Introduction to Hydrology

Physical Processes
4. Transpiration
- The release of water vapor from plants
and soil into the air. Water vapor is a gas
that cannot be seen.
Introduction to Hydrology

Physical Processes
5. Infiltration
- The flow of water from the ground surface
into the ground.
Introduction to Hydrology

Physical Processes
6. Run-off
- It is the water flowing over the land making
its way towards rivers, lakes, oceans etc. as
surface or subsurface flow.
Introduction to Hydrology

Water Budget
Equation
Introduction to Hydrology

CATCHMENT AREA
- It is the area of the land draining into a
stream or a water course at a given
location

- Drainage area or drainage basin;

watershed
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology
Water Balance
Introduction to Hydrology

Watershed water balance

P  R  G  E  T  S
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology

EQUATION OF RAINFALL-
RUNOFF RELATIONSHIP
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology

WORLD WATER BALANCE

The total quantity of water in the
world is estimated to be about
1386 million cubic kilometers.
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology

RESIDENCE TIME
- The average duration of a
particle of water to pass through a
phase of the hydrologic cycle
- It could be calculated by
dividing the volume of water in the
phase by the average flow rate in
that phase.
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology
Introduction to Hydrology