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Motors (PMSM)
Permanent Magnet Technology
The use of permanent magnets (PMs) in construction of electrical
machines brings the following benefits:
no electrical energy is absorbed by the field excitation system
and thus there are no excitation losses which means substantial
increase in the efficiency,
higher torque and/or output power per volume than when using
electromagnetic excitation,
better dynamic performance than motors with electromagnetic
excitation (higher magnetic flux density in the air gap),
simplification of construction and maintenance,
reduction of prices for some types of machines.
Permanent Magnets
Advances in permanent magnetic materials results in
dramatic impact on electric machines.
Permanent magnet materials have special characteristics
which must be taken into account in machine design, i.e.
the highest performance permanent magnets are brittle
ceramics
chemical sensitivities
temperature sensitivity
Alnico - good properties but too low a coercive force and too
square a B-H loop => permanent demagnetization occurs
easily
Ferrites (Barium and Strontium) - low cost, moderately high
service temperature (400o C) , and straight line
demagnetization curve. However, Br is low => machine
volume and size needs to be large.
Samarium-Cobalt (Sm-Co) - very good properties but very
expensive (because Samarium is rare)
Neodymium-Iron-Boron (Nd-Fe-B) - very good properties
except the Curie temperature is only 150o C
Permanent Magnet Materials
PMSM
PMSM are widely used in industrial servo-applications
due to its high-performance characteristics.
In PMSM the DC field winding of the rotor is replaced
by Permanent Magnets
General characteristics
Compact
High efficiency (no excitation current)
Smooth torque
Low acoustic noise
Fast dynamic response (both torque and speed)
Expensive
PMSM
Advantages:
Elimination of field copper loss.
Higher power density.
Lower rotor inertia.
More robust construction of motor.
Higher efficiency.
Disadvantages :
Loss of flexibility of field flux control.
Demagnetization effect.
Higher costs.
Application:
Low power range motors are widely used in industries.
PM Motor Construction
There are two types of permanent magnet motor
structures:
1) Surface PM machines
2) Interior PM machines
Regardless of method of mounting PMs, basic
working principle is same.
Mounting of PMs results in variation of direct and
quadrature axis inductance.
PM Motor Construction
The permeability of high flux density magnets is almost
same as air gap.
This results in extension of thickness of magnet by amount
of air gap.
Stator flux along quadrature axis sees only iron core.
Effective air gap seen along direct axis is multiple times
the actual air gap along quadrature axis.
So the reluctance along d-axis > reluctance along q-axis.
It results in Ld < Lq which is contrary with conventional
salient pole synchronous machine.
Surface PM machines
Magnets are mounted on outer
periphery of rotor laminations.
Known as surface mount PMSMs.
Provides highest flux density.
Little variation between Ld and Lq
(<10%).
Its drawback is lower structural
integrity and mechanical
robustness.
Not suitable for high speed
application (> 3000 RPM)
Surface Inset PM machines