SSS’ INDIRA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

(POLYTECHNIC),VISHNUPURI
NANDED -431606.

Department Of
Elecrical Engineering

Project on

SPEED CONTROL OF DC
MOTOR USING PULSE WIDTH
MODULATION
Presented by,
1)
2)
3)
4)

Guided by ,
 ABSTRACT
In this Project , the DCmotor is operated by a 555 integrated circuit. The
IC 555 in this circuit is being operated in Astable mode. In this mode, the circuit
can be used as a pulse width modulator with a few small adjustments to the
circuit. The frequency of operation of the circuit is provided by the passive
parameters of resistances and capacitances attached to it. The resistance
between pin-7 and pin- 8, the resistance between pin-6 and pin-7 and the
capacitance between pin-2 and the ground govern the frequency of operation
and duty cycle of the IC 555 in Astable mode. The duty cycle is governed by the
resistor which is in between pin-6 and pin-7 of the IC 555 timer. So, by taking
advantage of the circuits working, we can change the 555 Astable multivibrator
into a pulse width modulator by using a variable resistor instead of a constant
resistor in between pin-6and pin-7.
 INTRODUCTON
TO
PWM TECHNIQUE

Fig. 1.1 sine wave modulated pulses

 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Basics

The good definition of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is in the name itself. It
means modulating/varying the width of the pulse (Not the frequency).
There are many forms of modulation used for communicating information. When a
high frequency signal has amplitude varied in response to a lower frequency signal we
have AM (amplitude modulation). When the signal frequency is varied in response to the
modulating signal we have FM (frequency modulation. These signals are used for radio
modulation because the high frequency carrier signal is needs for efficient radiation of the
signal. When communication by pulses was introduced, the amplitude, frequency and pulse
width become possible modulation options. In many power electronic converters where
the output voltage can be one of two values the only option is modulation of average
conduction time.
 COMPONENTS USED

1. BATTERY
2. CAPACITOR
3. VARIABLE REGULATOR
4. IC 555 TIMER
5. RESISTOR
6. MOTOR
7. AMPLIFIER TRANSISTOR
 INFORMATION
OF
DC MOTOR

 Motor is a device which transforms the electrical energy

into mechanical energy. The working principle of the
motor is the interaction between the magnetic field and
the current to produce a force within the motor which
helps the motor to do work.
 The motor principle is basically based on Faraday's Law,
which states that, it is the conservation of electrical and
mechanical energy.
 DC motor is one type of motor that uses the DC current
to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
 When the electric current passes through a coil in a
magnetic field, a magnetic force will be generated, which
produces a torque in the DC motor.
A DC motor contains the following parts:
• Rotor
• Stator
• Air gap
• Winding
• Commutator

The DC motor can be catagorized as:

• Shunt Motor
• Separately Excited Motor
• Series Motor
• Permanent Magnet motor
• Compounded Magnet motor
ADVANTAGES

1. PWM technique enables greater efficiency of DCMotor.

2. PWM technique improves speed control and reduces power
loss.
3. Internal Motor resistance can be easily overcome.
4. The pulses reach full supply voltage which in turnproduces more
Torque.

DISADVANTAGES
1. Increased Complexity.
2. Speed obtained is less than the specified speed due to losses.
3. Speed remains limited.
 INTRODUCTION TO IC 555 TIMER

 The555 timer ICis an integrated circuit (chip) used in avarietyof

 timer, pulse generation, and oscillatorapplications.
 The 555 is used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip- flop
element.
 It gets its name from the three 5k ohm resistors which give the two
 comparators reference voltage.
 Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes 25
transistors, 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-PIN DIP
(Dual in-line) package.
 It is available in low power CMOStype ICM7555 package and 556 Dual Timer
(14 pin) with two timer in one ICand 558 which is Quad timer.
PIN DESCRIPTION
PIN 1- Ground, The ground pin connects the 555 timer to the negative
(0v) supply rail.
PIN 2-Trigger, when < 1/3 Vcc (active low)this makes the
output high (+Vcc). It monitors the discharging ofthe
timingcapacitor in an astable circuit.
PIN 3-Output, The output pin can drive any TTLcircuit and is capable of
sourcing or sinking up to 200mA of current at an output voltage equal
to approximately Vcc - 1.5V so small speakers, LEDsor motors can be
connected directly to the output.
PIN 4-Reset, when less than about 0.7V (active low) this makes the
output low (0V), overriding other inputs. Whennot required it should
be connected to+Vcc.
PIN 5-Control Voltage, this can be used to adjust the threshold
voltage which is set internally to be 2/3 Vcc. Usually this function is
not required and the control input is connected to 0V with a 10nF
capacitor to eliminate electrical noise.
PIN 6-Threshold, when > 2/3 Vcc (active high)this makes the output
low (0V)*. It monitors the charging of the timing capacitor in
astable and monostable circuits.
PIN 7-Discharge, The discharge pin is connected directly to the
Collector of an internal NPN transistor which is used to "discharge"
the timing capacitor to ground when the output at pin 3 switches
"LOW".PIN 8- Supply +Vcc, This is the power supply pin and for
general purpose TTL 555 timers is between 4.5V and 15V (18V
Absolute Maximum).
PINDIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DESIGN
 CONCLUSION

 From the project, following points can be concluded.

 It fulfils all the requirements for its application.
 The motor responds to the average value of the pulses and
not to the individual pulses as the chopper works at high
frequency.
 Changing the duty-cycle of the pulse by changing the speed
of regulator changes the average voltage level.
 It is possible to improve overall performance of the
motor speed.
THANKYOU