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• Superposition principle
It states that the voltage across (or current through) an
element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of
voltages across (or currents through) the element due to
each source acting independently.
Example 1:
Apply superposition to find i in the circuit.
3.1 Superposition Theorem
Solution:
1. Consider the independent voltage source. The
current source is turned off.
20
i1 = =2 A
6+4
3.1 Superposition Theorem
Solution:
1. Consider the independent current source. The
voltage source is turned off.
6
i2 = (5) = 3 A
6+4
Example 2:
Apply superposition to find v in the circuit.
3.1 Superposition Theorem
Solution:
1. Consider the independent voltage source. The current
source is turned off.
Solution:
1. Consider the independent current source. The voltage
source is turned off.
2. Current through the 4Ω resistor due to the current
source,
8
i2 = (3) = 2 A
8+4
Example 3: Find vx
Solution:
let ix = i1 + i2, where i1 and i2 are due to the 10V
and 2A sources respectively.
3.1 Superposition Theorem
Solution(continue.):
To obtain i1, consider the circuit
below.
2
i 1 5i1
1
+ vx -
10V +
-
4 +
-
Solution(continue…):
For i2, consider the circuit below.
i2 1 io 10i2 2
+-
+ vx -
2A 4
Solution:
Let vx = vx1 + vx2 + vx3, where vx1, vx2, and vx3 are
due to the 90 V, 6 A, and 40 V sources.
3.1 Superposition Theorem
Solution(continue…):
For vx1, consider the circuit below.
20 // 30 = 12 ohms,
60 // 30 = 20 ohms
By using current divider rule,
i1 = [20/(22 + 20)]3 = 60/42 A,
vx1= 10i1 = 600/42 = 14.286 V
3.1 Superposition Theorem
Solution(continue…):
For vx2, consider the circuit below.
i2 = [12/(12 + 10 + 20)] 6
= 72/42,
vx2 = I R = (-i2)(R) = -10i2
= -17.143 V
3.1 Superposition Theorem
Solution(continue…):
For vx3, consider the circuit below.
Solution:
Let vx = v1 + v2, where v1 and v2 are due to the 4 A and 6 A
sources respectively.
• To find v1:
4ix
(v2/8) – 6 + (v2 – (–4ix))/2 = 0
v2 + 3.2ix = 9.6
• But ix = –0.5v2. Therefore,
v2 + 3.2(–0.5v2) = 9.6
v2 = –16
• Measure VTh
open-circuit
voltage across the
terminal
• Measure RTh
equivalent
resistance when
all independent
sources are
turned off.
3.2 Thevenin's Theorem
Determine RTh:
Case 1: When network has only independent source
• set all independent sources to zero (Short-circuit
voltage sources or open-circuit current sources)
Case 2: When network has dependant sources
• set all independent sources to zero
• apply a v0 across terminal a-b to get i0 or apply a i0
through terminal a-b to get v0, RTh = v0/i0
2
3.2 Thevenin's Theorem
Solution:
To find VTh, consider the circuit below.
At node 1,
[(v1 - 40)/10] + 3 + [(v1 - v2)/20] + [(v1-0)/40] = 0
40 = 7v1 - 2v2 (1)
At node 2,
3 + (v1- v2)/20 = 0
v1 = v2 - 60 (2)
V1 V2
Solving (1) and (2),
v1 = 32 V, v2 = 92 V
VTh= v2 = 92 V
3.2 Thevenin's Theorem
i2
il
3.2 Thevenin's Theorem
Solution(continue…):
To find RTh, consider the circuit below.
10Ω 20Ω
RTh = 20 + (10 // 40)
= 28 ohms
Rth
40Ω
28Ω
92 V
9
2
3.2 Thevenin's Theorem
At node A,
[(1 - vx)/2] - 0.5vx + [(1- 0)/10)] - i = 0, => i + vx = 0.6 (3)
At node B,
[(vx - 0)/3] + [(vx - 0)/6] + [(vx - 1)/2] = 0, => vx = 0.5 (4)
From (3) and (4), i = 0.1 and RTh= V/ I = 1/ 0.1 =10 ohms
3.2 Thevenin's Theorem
i1 = 5
-2vx + 2(i3 - i2) = 0 vx = i3 - i2
4(i2 - i1) + 2(i2 - i3) + 6i2 = 0 12i2 - 4i1 - 2i3 = 0
Note vx = 4(i1 - i2). Solving these equations give i2 = 10/3.
Hence, VTh = voc = 6i2 = 20 V.
3.3 Norton's Theorem
RN = 5 І І (8+4+8)
i1 2
i2 = 4Ω
3
Mesh 1: i1 = 2 A
Mesh 2: 20i2 - 4i1 - 12 = 0 *Alternative: determine IN from VTh/R,
iN = i2 = 1 A use mesh analysis or source
conversion to solve for VTh
3.3 Norton Theorem
Example 9: Find the Norton's equivalent circuit
V1 V2
1
Source conversion
3.2 Thevenin's Theorem
50 −VTh VTh + 2V
= Th
12 60
Solution (cont.):
0.4762
a
4.167 A 0.4762
b
3.4 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
IL
VTh 2
PL = IL2 RL =( ) RL
RTh + RL
VTh 2
When RL= RTh , PL (max) =
4RTh
3.4 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Prove:
2
VTh
Th Th L RL
2 2
PL L
R V R R
RTh RL
dPL
VTh2 RTh RL 1 RL 2 RTh RL
2 3
dRL
RTh RL 2 RL
=V 2
RTh RL
Th 3
At Maximum Power:
dPL
0, RL RTh
dRL
VTh2
PL max
4 RTh
3.4 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Summary:
VTh2
•When RL=RTh, PL max
4 RTh
2
VTh
•When RL≠RTh, PL RL
RTh RL
The dc operating efficiency is the ratio of power P
delivers to load (PL) by source (PS)
PL I L2 RL RL
% 2
PS I L RT RT
RL
= 100%
RTh RL
% 50%
3.4 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
Example 11:
(a)Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer.
(b)Find the maximum power.
Solution:(Thevenin’s equivalent
circuit)
(a) RTh = 2 + 3 + (6 I I 12)
= 9Ω
RL = RTh = 9Ω
3.4 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
V1 V2
node1 : V1 12 V1 0 V1 V2 0 7V 4V 24
1 2
6 12 3
V1 V2 V2 VTh
node 2 : 2 2V1 5V2 3VTh 12
3 2
V2 VTh
node 3 : 0 VTh V2
2